Richard J. Roberts
Izvor: Wikipedija
Richard John Roberts (rođen 6. rujna 1943. Derby, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo) je engleski biokemičar i molekularni biolog. Roberts je zajedno sa Phillip A. Sharpom, 1993. podijelio Nobelovu nagradu za fiziologiju ili medicinu za otkriće odvojenih gena.
Tijekom početnih godina istraživanja gena i molekula DNK, geni su bili zamišljeni kao kontinuirani segmenti unutar duge dvostruke uzvojnice molekula DNK. Ta se slika strukture gene promijenila nakon otkrića Robertsa i Sharpa, koji su neovisno jedan od drugoga 1977.g. otkrili da geni mogu biti diskontinuirani, tj. da određeni gen može biti prisutan u genetičkom materijalu (DNK) kao nekoliko znatno odvojenih segmenata.
[uredi] Vanjske poveznice
1901. Emil Adolf von Behring | 1902. Ronald Ross | 1903. Niels Ryberg Finsen | 1904. Ivan Petrovič Pavlov | 1905. Robert Koch | 1906. Camillo Golgi i Santiago Ramón y Cajal | 1907. Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran | 1908. Ilja Iljič Mečnikov i Paul Ehrlich | 1909. Emil Theodor Kocher
1910. Albrecht Kossel | 1911. Allvar Gullstrand | 1912. Alexis Carrel | 1913. Charles Robert Richet | 1914. Robert Bárány | 1919. Jules Bordet
1920. Schack August Steenberg Krogh | 1922. Archibald Vivian Hill i Otto Fritz Meyerhof | 1923. Frederick Grant Banting i John James Richard Macleod | 1924. Willem Einthoven | 1926. Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger | 1927. Julius Wagner-Jauregg | 1928. Charles Jules Henri Nicolle | 1929. Christiaan Eijkman i Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1930. Karl Landsteiner | 1931. Otto Heinrich Warburg | 1932. Sir Charles Scott Sherrington i Edgar Douglas Adrian | 1933. Thomas Hunt Morgan | 1934. George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot i William Parry Murphy | 1935. Hans Spemann | 1936. Sir Henry Hallett Dale i Otto Loewi | 1937. Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt | 1938. Corneille Jean François Heymans | 1939. Gerhard Domagk
1943. Henrik Carl Peter Dam i Edward Adelbert Doisy | 1944. Joseph Erlanger i Herbert Spencer Gasser | 1945. Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain i Sir Howard Walter Florey | 1946. Hermann Joseph Muller | 1947. Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Theresa Cori (rođena Radnitz) i Bernardo Alberto Houssay | 1948. Paul Hermann Müller | 1949. Walter Rudolf Hess i Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz
1950. Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein i Philip Showalter Hench | 1951. Max Theiler | 1952. Selman Abraham Waksman | 1953. Hans Adolf Krebs i Fritz Albert Lipmann | 1954. John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller i Frederick Chapman Robbins | 1955. Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell | 1956. André Frédéric Cournand i Werner Forßmann, Dickinson W. Richards | 1957. Daniel Bovet | 1958. George Wells Beadle, Edward Lawrie Tatum i Joshua Lederberg | 1959. Severo Ochoa i Arthur Kornberg
1960. Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet i Peter Brian Medawar | 1961. Georg von Békésy | 1962. Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson i Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins | 1963. Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin i Andrew Fielding Huxley | 1964. Konrad Bloch i Feodor Lynen | 1965. François Jacob, André Lwoff i Jacques Monod | 1966. Peyton Rous i Charles Brenton Huggins | 1967. Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline i George Wald | 1968. Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana i Marshall W. Nirenberg | 1969. Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey i Salvador E. Luria
1970. Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler i Julius Axelrod | 1971. Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. | 1972. Gerald M. Edelman i Rodney R. Porter | 1973. Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz i Nikolaas Tinbergen | 1974. Albert Claude, Christian de Duve i George E. Palade | 1975. David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco i Howard Martin Temin | 1976. Baruch S. Blumberg i D. Carleton Gajdusek| 1977. Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally i Rosalyn Yalow | 1978. Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans i Hamilton O. Smith | 1979. Allan M. Cormack i Godfrey N. Hounsfield
1980. Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset i George D. Snell | 1981. Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel i Torsten N. Wiesel | 1982. Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson i John R. Vane | 1983. Barbara McClintock | 1984. Niels K. Jerne, Georges J. F. Köhler i César Milstein | 1985. Michael S. Brown i Joseph L. Goldstein | 1986. Stanley Cohen i Rita Levi-Montalcini | 1987. Susumu Tonegawa | 1988. Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion i George H. Hitchings | 1989. J. Michael Bishop i Harold E. Varmus
1990. Joseph E. Murray i E. Donnall Thomas | 1991. Erwin Neher i Bert Sakmann | 1992. Edmond H. Fischer i Edwin G. Krebs | 1993. Richard J. Roberts i Phillip A. Sharp | 1994. Alfred G. Gilman i Martin Rodbell | 1995. Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard i Eric F. Wieschaus | 1996. Peter C. Doherty i Rolf M. Zinkernagel | 1997. Stanley B. Prusiner | 1998. Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro i Ferid Murad | 1999. Günter Blobel
2000. Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard i Eric Kandel | 2001. Leland H. Hartwell, R. Timothy Hunt i Paul M. Nurse | 2002. Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz i John E. Sulston | 2003. Paul Lauterbur i Sir Peter Mansfield | 2004. Linda B. Buck i Richard Axel | 2005. Barry J. Marshall i Robin Warren | 2006. Andrew Fire i Craig Mello | 2007. Mario Capecchi, Sir Martin Evans i Oliver Smithies 2008. Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi i Luc Montagnier
