Julius Axelrod

Julius Axelrod

Julius Axelrod (New York, 30. svibnja 1912. - Rockville, 29. prosinca 2004.), bio je američki biokemičar.

Podijelio je Nobelovu nagradu za fiziologiju ili medicinu 1970. g. zajedno sa Bernard Katzom i Ulf von Euleron.

Nagradu je dobio za svoj rad na otpuštanju i ponovnom ulaženju (engl. re-uptake) katekolamina (neurotransmitera), skupine spojeva u mozgu koji uključuju adrenalin, noradrenalin, i kasnije otkriven dopamin, na sinapsi. Axelrod je također značajno doprinio razumijevanju epifize (lat. corpus pineale) i načinu na koji se regulira tijekom ciklusa budnosti i spavanja, tzv. cirkadijanog ciklusa.

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Nobelova nagrada - životopis(engl.)

v • r • u Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziologiju ili medicinu

1900-ih	1901. Emil Adolf von Behring • 1902. Ronald Ross • 1903. Niels Ryberg Finsen • 1904. Ivan Petrovič Pavlov • 1905. Robert Koch • 1906. Camillo Golgi i Santiago Ramón y Cajal • 1907. Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran • 1908. Ilja Iljič Mečnikov i Paul Ehrlich • 1909. Emil Theodor Kocher

1910-ih	1910. Albrecht Kossel • 1911. Allvar Gullstrand • 1912. Alexis Carrel • 1913. Charles Robert Richet • 1914. Robert Bárány • 1919. Jules Bordet

1920-ih	1920. Schack August Steenberg Krogh • 1922. Archibald Vivian Hill i Otto Fritz Meyerhof • 1923. Frederick Grant Banting i John James Rickard Macleod • 1924. Willem Einthoven • 1926. Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger • 1927. Julius Wagner-Jauregg • 1928. Charles Jules Henri Nicolle • 1929. Christiaan Eijkman i Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins

1930-ih	1930. Karl Landsteiner • 1931. Otto Heinrich Warburg • 1932. Sir Charles Scott Sherrington i Edgar Douglas Adrian • 1933. Thomas Hunt Morgan • 1934. George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot i William Parry Murphy • 1935. Hans Spemann • 1936. Sir Henry Hallett Dale i Otto Loewi • 1937. Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt • 1938. Corneille Jean François Heymans • 1939. Gerhard Domagk

1940-ih	1943. Henrik Carl Peter Dam i Edward Adelbert Doisy • 1944. Joseph Erlanger i Herbert Spencer Gasser • 1945. Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain i Sir Howard Walter Florey • 1946. Hermann Joseph Muller • 1947. Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Theresa Cori (rođena Radnitz) i Bernardo Alberto Houssay • 1948. Paul Hermann Müller • 1949. Walter Rudolf Hess i Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz

1950-ih	1950. Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein i Philip Showalter Hench • 1951. Max Theiler • 1952. Selman Abraham Waksman • 1953. Hans Adolf Krebs i Fritz Albert Lipmann • 1954. John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller i Frederick Chapman Robbins • 1955. Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell • 1956. André Frédéric Cournand i Werner Forßmann, Dickinson W. Richards • 1957. Daniel Bovet • 1958. George Wells Beadle, Edward Lawrie Tatum i Joshua Lederberg • 1959. Severo Ochoa i Arthur Kornberg

1960-ih	1960. Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet i Peter Brian Medawar • 1961. Georg von Békésy • 1962. Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson i Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins • 1963. Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin i Andrew Fielding Huxley • 1964. Konrad Bloch i Feodor Lynen • 1965. François Jacob, André Lwoff i Jacques Monod • 1966. Peyton Rous i Charles Brenton Huggins • 1967. Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline i George Wald • 1968. Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana i Marshall W. Nirenberg • 1969. Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey i Salvador E. Luria

1970-ih	1970. Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler i Julius Axelrod • 1971. Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. • 1972. Gerald M. Edelman i Rodney R. Porter • 1973. Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz i Nikolaas Tinbergen • 1974. Albert Claude, Christian de Duve i George E. Palade • 1975. David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco i Howard Martin Temin • 1976. Baruch S. Blumberg i D. Carleton Gajdusek • 1977. Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally i Rosalyn Yalow • 1978. Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans i Hamilton O. Smith • 1979. Allan M. Cormack i Godfrey N. Hounsfield

1980-ih	1980. Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset i George D. Snell • 1981. Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel i Torsten N. Wiesel • 1982. Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson i John R. Vane • 1983. Barbara McClintock • 1984. Niels K. Jerne, Georges J. F. Köhler i César Milstein • 1985. Michael S. Brown i Joseph L. Goldstein • 1986. Stanley Cohen i Rita Levi-Montalcini • 1987. Susumu Tonegawa • 1988. Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion i George H. Hitchings • 1989. J. Michael Bishop i Harold E. Varmus

1990-ih	1990. Joseph E. Murray i E. Donnall Thomas • 1991. Erwin Neher i Bert Sakmann • 1992. Edmond H. Fischer i Edwin G. Krebs • 1993. Richard J. Roberts i Phillip A. Sharp • 1994. Alfred G. Gilman i Martin Rodbell • 1995. Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard i Eric F. Wieschaus • 1996. Peter C. Doherty i Rolf M. Zinkernagel • 1997. Stanley B. Prusiner • 1998. Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro i Ferid Murad • 1999. Günter Blobel

2000-ih	2000. Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard i Eric Kandel • 2001. Leland H. Hartwell, R. Timothy Hunt i Paul M. Nurse • 2002. Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz i John E. Sulston • 2003. Paul Lauterbur i Sir Peter Mansfield • 2004. Linda B. Buck i Richard Axel • 2005. Barry J. Marshall i Robin Warren • 2006. Andrew Fire i Craig Mello • 2007. Mario Capecchi, Sir Martin Evans i Oliver Smithies • 2008. Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi i Luc Montagnier • 2009. Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider i Jack W. Szostak •

2010-ih	2010. Robert G. Edwards • 2011. Bruce Beutler, Jules Hoffmann i Ralph Steinman • 2012. Sir John Gurdon i Shinya Yamanaka • 2013. James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman i Thomas C. Südhof • 2014. John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser i Edvard I. Moser • 2015. William C. Campbell, Satoshi Ōmura i Youyou Tu • 2016. Ōsumi • 2017. Hall, Rosbash, Young • 2018. Allison, Honjo • 2019. Kaelin, Ratcliffe, Semenza

2020-ih	2020. Michael Houghton, Harvey J. Alter, Charles M. Rice

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