Indijanci

Indijanci - kolektivni naziv za prastanovnike Amerike, raznorazne narode mongoloidnog izgleda raširene od arktičke Kanade i Aljaske do Ognjene zemlje (Tierra del Fuego) u Čileu i Argentini. Međusobno se razlikuju po jezicima, kulturi i fizičkom izgledu. Većinom su to bila lovačko-sakupljačka društva kao (Nambikwara i Ges) iz Brazila i (Shoshoni) iz Kalifornije i Nevade. Neki su bili ribari (Indijanci Chinook iz države Washington ili Alacaluf, Yahgan i Guato) iz Južne Amerike. U njihove najrazvijenije narode koji su uspjeli podići visokorazvijene civilizacije spadaju narodi Olmeka, Tolteka, Maja i Azteka) iz Meksika te Inka iz Perua. Danas su mnogi smješteni po rezervatima, osobito u Kanadi, Sjedinjenim Državama i Brazilu. Prvi se put spominju otkrićem Amerike 1492. godine (Kristofor Kolumbo).

Ime

Ime su dobili po Indiji jer se mislilo da se radi o obali Indije, a ne o novootkrivenom kontinentu Americi. Amerikanci ih u novije vrijeme (službeno) više ne nazivaju Indians nego Native Americans (američki domoroci). nazivi Redskins ili Peaux-Rouges, odnosno Crvenokošci, su podrugljivi.

Klasifikacija

Indijanska plemena obično se klasificiraju prema jezičnim porodicama. Osobit doprinos dali su u ovome poslu Alexander F. Chamberlain, John Wesley Powell (1892; 58 porodica u Sjevernoj Americi), Benjamin Lee Whorf, Paul Rivet, A. L. Kroeber, Edward Sapir, Terrence Kaufman (1990).

Glavne grupe i porodice

Abenaki, Acaxee, Achomawi, Acolapissa, Acolhua, Acuera, Adai, Aguacatec, Ahantchuyuk, Ahtena, Ais, Akatek, Akokisa, Akwa’ala, Alabama, Alacaluf, Alaguilac, Alakwisa, Algonquin, Alliklik, Alsea, Amuzgo, Apache, Apalachee, Apalachicola, Applegate, Aranama, Arapaho, Arikara, Assiniboin, Ataronchronon, Atfalati, Atikamekw, Atsugewi, Attacapa, Avoyel, Aztec, Baciroa, Bagaces, Bainoa, Bambana, Bamoa, Bannock, Bawihka, Baymunana, Bayogoula, Bear River /California/, Bear River /North Carolina/, Beaver, Bella Bella, Bella Coola, Beothuk, Bidai, Biloxi, Blackfoot, Boruca, Bribri, Burica, Burucaca, Cabecar, Cacaopera, Cahibo, Cahuilla, Caizcimu, Cakchiquel, Calapooya, Calusa, Cape Fear, Carrier, Carrizo, Catawba, Cathlamet, Cathlapotle, Cayuga, Cayuse, Cazcan, Chakchiuma, Chalca, Changuena, Chasta Costa, Chatino, Chato, Chatot, Chawasha, Chehalis, Chelamela, Chelan, Chemehuevi, Chepenafa, Cheraw, Cherokee, Chetco, Cheyenne, Chiaha, Chiapanec, Chichimeca, Chickasaw, Chicomuceltec, Chilcotin, Chilluckittequaw, Chilula, Chimakum, Chimariko, Chinantec, Chinarra, Chinipa, Chinook, Chipewyan, Chippewa, Chitimacha, Chizo, Chocho, Choctaw, Chol, Cholulteca, Cholutec, Chontal, Chorotega, Chorti, Chowanoc, Chuchures. Chuje, Chumash, Ciboney, Ciguayo, Clackamas, Clallam, Clatskanie, Clatsop, Clowwewalla, Coahuiltec, Coapite, Coaque, Cochimi, Cocomacaque, Cocopa, Cocora, Cocto, Coeur d’Alêne, Colotlan, Colville, Comanche, Comanito, Comecrudo, Comox, Concho, Congaree, Conicari, Conoy, Copalis, Coquille, Cora, Coree, Corobisi, Costanoan, Cowichan, Cowlitz, Cree, Croatan (Lumbee), Crow, Cruzob, Cuahcomeca, Cuicatec, Cuitlahuaca, Cuitlatec, Culhua, Cuna, Cupeño, Cusabo, Cuyuteca, Delaware, Desaguadero, Didú, Diegueño, Dihai-kutchin, Dogrib, Dorasque, Dule, Duwamish, Duy, Edú, Embera (Northern), Eno, Erie, Ervipiame, Escoria, Esselen, Estrella, Euchre Creek, Eyak, Eyeish, Fernandeño, Flathead, Fox, Fresh Water, Gabrieleño, Galice, Gitksan, Gosiute, Gotane, Grigra, Gros Ventre, Guacata, Guaccaiarima, Guachichil, Guale, Guanexico, Guasapar, Guasave, Guatinicamame, Guato, Guatuso, Guaymi, Guetar, Haida, Halchidhoma, Halyikwamai, Han, Hareskin, Hasinai, Hatteras, Havasupai, Heiltsuk, Hidatsa, Hitchiti, Hoh, Honniasont, Hoopa, Hopi, Houma, Hualapai, Huastec, Huave, Huchnom, Huexotzinca, Huichol, Huite, Humptulips, Huron, Ibitoupa, Icafui, Icaiche, Illinois, Ingalik, Iowa, Iroquois, Itzá, Ixcatec, Ixil, Izalco, Jacaltec, Janambre, Jano, Jeaga, Jemez, Jicaque, Jicarilla, Jocome, Jova, Juaneño, Jumano, Kadohadacho, Kamia, Kansa, Karankawa, Karok, Kaskinampo, Kato, Kaveltchadom, Kawaiisu, Kekchi, Keres, Keyauwee, Kichai, Kickapoo, Kiliwi, Kiowa, Kiowa Apache, Kitamat, Kitanemuk, Kiwahka, Klamath, Klickitat, Kohani, Kopano, Kohuana, Konomihu, Koroa, Koyukon, Ku, Kuitsh, Kukalaya, Kus, Kutcha-kutchin, Kutenai, Kwaiailk, Kwakiutl, Kwalhioqua, Lacandon, Lagunero, Laku, Lassik, Latgawa, Laymon, Lenca, Lillooet, Lipan, Lohim, Lucayo, Luckiamute, Luiseño, Lummi, Machapunga, Macoyahui, Maguana, Mahican, Maidu, Makah, Malinalca, Maliseet, Mam, Mame, Manahoac, Manche, Mandan, Manso, Maribichicoa, Maricopa, Marien, Massachuset, Matagalpa, Matlatzinca, Mattole, Maya, Mayeye, Mayo, Mazahua, Mazatec, Meherrin, Melchora, Methow, Metoac, Meztitlanec, Miami, Mical, Micmac, Mikasuki, Miskito, Missouri, Miwok, Mixe, Mixtec, Mobile, Mocoço, Mocorito, Modoc, Mohave, Mohawk, Mohegan, Molala, Monacan, Moneton, Monimbo, Montagnais, Mopán, Moratok, Mosopelea, Motozintlec, Move, Muckleshoot, Muite, Multnomah, Muoi, Murire, Muskogee, Musutepes, Nabesna, Nahane, Nahuatlato, Nahyssan, Nakotcho-kutchin, Naltunnrtunne, Nanaimo, Nanticoke, Narragansett, Naskapi, Nata, Natchez, Natchitoches, Natsit-kutchin, Nauset, Navaho, Nebome, Neusiok, Neutral Nation, Nez Percé, Niantic, Nicarao, Nicoleño, Nicoya, Nio, Nipmuc, Niska, Nisqually, Nomlaki, Nongatl, Nooksack, Nootka, Noquet, Nottaway, Ocale, Occaneechi, Oconee, Ocoroni, Okanagan, Okelousa, Okmulgee, Okwanuchu, Olive, Olmeca, Omaha, Onatheaqua, Oneida, Onondaga, Ópata, Opelousa, Orotiña, Osage, Oto, Otomí, Ottawa, Ozette, Paiute, Paiute (Northern), Palouse, Pame, Pamlico, Panamaka, Panamint, Pantasma, Papago, Paparo, Pascagoula, Passamaquoddy, Patiri, Patwin, Pawnee, Pawokti, Paya, Payaya, Pecos, Pedee, Pend d’Oreille, Pennacook, Penobscot, Penomeño, Pensacola, Pentlatch, Pequot, Pericu, Piankashaw, Piato, Pima, Pima Bajo, Pipil, Piro, Pisone, Pochutla, Pocomtuc, Pocosi, Pohoy, Pokomam, Pokonchi, Pomo, Ponca, Popoloca, Popoluca, Potano, Potawatomi, Potlapigua, Powhatan, Prinzo, Pshwanwapam, Puyallup, Quahatika, Quapaw, Quata, Quechua, Quepo, Quiatso, Quiché, Quileute, Quinault, Quinipissa, Rama, Sahehwamish, Salinan, Salmon River, Saluda, Samish, Sanpoil, Santee, Santiam, Saponi, Sarsi, Satsop, Saturiwa, Sayultec, Sekani, Semiahmoo, Seminole, Seneca, Senijextee, Seri, Serrano, Sewee, Shakori, Shasta, Shawnee, Shoshoni (Northern), Shoshoni (Western), Shuswap, Sigua, Siletz, Sinkaietk, Sinkakaius, Sinkiuse, Sinkyone, Sioux, Sishiatl, Sissipahaw, Siuslaw, Skagit, Skilloot, Skin, Snohomish, Snoqualmie, Sobaipuri, Songish, Spokan, Squawmish, Squaxin, Stalo, Stuwihamuk, Subinha, Subtiaba, Suerre, Sugeree, Suma, Sumo, Sumo-Sirpe, Suquamish, Surruque, Susquehanna, Sutaio, Swallah, Swinommish, Tacatacuru, Taensa, Tagish, Tahltan, Tahue, Taidnapam, Takelma, Takkuth-kutchin, Talamanca, Tamathli, Tamaulipec, Tamazulteca, Tanaina, Tanana, Tangipahoa, Tano, Tapachultec, Taposa, Tarahumara, Tarasco, Tatlit-kutchin, Tawahka, Tawakoni, Tawasa, Tawehash, Tawira, Teco-Tecoxquin, Tecual, Tehueco, Teluski, Temori, Tenino, Tennuth-Kutchin, Tepahue, Tepanec, Tepeaca, Tepecano, Tepehua, Tepehuane, Tepuzteca, Tequesta, Tequistlatec, Térraba, Teshbi, Teul, Tewa, Thompson, Tillamook, Timucua, Tiou, Tiwa, Tlahuica, Tlapanec, Tlatluicans, Tlaxcaltec, Tlingit, Toboso, Tocobaga, Tojar, Tojolabal, Tolimeca, Tolowa, Tolteca, Tonkawa, Toquegua, Totonac, Totorame, Tranjik-kutchin, Trique, Tsetsaut, Tsimshian, Tubar, Tübatulabal, Tucurrique, Tulalip, Tungla, Tunica, Turucaca, Tuscarora, Tuskegee, Tutchone, Tutelo, Tututni, Tuxá, Twana, Tyigh, Tzeltal, Tzotzil, Tzutuhil, Uchiti, Ulua, Umatilla, Umpqua, Ure, Uren, Urraca, Uspanteca, Ute, Vacoregue, Vanyume, Varohío, Viceita, Vigitega, Voto, Vunta-kutchin, Waccamaw, Waco, Waicuri, Wailaki, Walla Walla, Wampanoag, Wanapam, Wappinger, Wappo, Wasco, Washa, Washo, Wateree, Watlala, Waxhaw, Wea, Weapemeoc, Wenatchee, Wenrohronon, Whilkut, Wichita, Wind River, Winnebago, Wintu, Winyaw, Wishram, Wishtenatin, Wiyot, Woccon, Wynoochee, Xakriaba, Xavante, Xerente, Xilotlantzinca, Xinca, Xixime, Xochimilca, Yadkin, Yahi, Yahuskin, Yakima, Yamasee, Yamel, Yana, Yaqui, Yaquina, Yasika, Yatasi, Yavapai, Yazoo, Yecora, Yellowknife, Yojuane, Yokuts, Yoncalla, Yosco, Yscani, Yuchi, Yufera, Yui, Yuki, Yuki (Coast), Yuma, Yurok, Yustaga, Zacateco, Zapotec, Zoe, Zoque, Zuaque, Zuñi.

Jezične porodice (popis porodica koje se spominju od Chamberlaina do danas; lista nije konačna): Aconipa, Adaizan, Alacalufan, Algonquian, Arauan, Araucanian, Arawakan, Atalán, Athapaskan, Attacapan, Aymaran, Barbacoan, Beothukan, Boran, Bororoan, Botocudo, Caddoan, Cahuapanan, Caingangan, Calianan, Camacanian, Canichanan, Capixana, Carajan, Cariban, Caririan, Catuquinean, Cayuvava, Chapacuran, Charruan, Chechehet, Chibchan, Chimakuan, Chimarikan, Chimmesyan, Chinantecan, Chinookan, Chiquitoan, Chirianan, Chirino, Chitimachan, Chonan, Chumashan, Coahuiltecan, Copallen, Copehan, Costanoan, Culli (Kulyi), Diaguitan, Esmeralda, Esselenian, Fulnio, Gé, Guahiban, Guarauan, Guatoan, Guaycuruan, Huamoi, Huarian, Huarpean, Huitotoan, Iroquoian, Itonaman, Jicaquean, Jirajaran, Jivaroan, Kalapooian, Kamsa (Mocoa), Karankawan, Keresan, Kiowa-Tanoan, Kitunahan, Koaia (Kwaza), Koluschan, Kukura, Kulanapan, Kusan, Lecan, Lenca, Lorenzan (Amuesha), Lulean, Lutuamian, Machacalian, Maku, Manguean, Mariposan, Mascoian, Mataco-Macan, Mayan, Misumalpan, Mixe-Zoquean, Mixtecan, Moquelumnan, Mosetenan, Moviman, Muchik (Yuncan), Munichean, Muran, Muskhogean (Muskogean), Natchesan, Natú, Nhambicuaran, Ofaye (Opaye), Oti, Otomacan, Palaihnihan, Pankaruru, Panoan, Paya, Peba-Yagua (Peban), Popolocan, Puelchean, Puinavean, Pujunan, Puquinan, Puri-Coroado, Quechuan, Quoratean, Sabelan, Salinan, Salishan, Salivan, Serian, Shahaptian, Shastan, Simacuan, Siouan, Skittagetan, Tacanan, Takilman, Talamancan, Tarairiru, Tarascan, Tequistlatecan, Teremembean, Ticunan, Timotean, Timuquanan (Timucuan), Tlapanecan, Tonikan, Tonkawan, Totonacan, Trumaian, Tucanoan, Tupian, Tusha, Uchean, Uru-Chipaya, Uto-Aztecan, Vilelan, Waiilatpuan, Wakashan, Washoan, Weitspekan, Wishoskan, Xinca, Xikuru, Yabuti, Yahgan, Yakonan, Yanan, Yaruro, Yukian, Yuman, Yuracarean, Yuri, Yurumangui, Zamucoan, Zaparoan, Zunian. vidi Popis indijanskih plemena -klasifikacija.

Literatura

• Eva Lips, Knjiga o Indijancima.
• Handbook of American Indians (1906) by Frederick W. Hodge. A listing of over 800 Indian Tribes in the United States and Canada.