Suradnik:Marko Pojatina/Pješčanik/OE-toponom

Key to languages: Bry. Brythonic; C - Cumbric; K - Cornish; I - Irish; L - Latin; ME - Middle English; NF - Norman French; OE - Old English; ON - Old Norse; P - Pictish; SG - Scots Gaelic; W - Welsh

Term	Origin	Meaning	Example	Position	Comments
aber	C, W, P, K	mouth (of a river), confluence, a meeting of waters	Aberystwyth, Aberdyfi, Aberdeen, Aberuthven	prefix
ac, acc, ock	OE	acorn, or oak tree	Accrington, Acomb, Acton, Matlock
afon	W, SG, K, I	river	River Avon, Glanyrafon		W afon is pronounced "AH-von"; several English rivers are named Avon. In Irish the word, spelled "abhann", is mainly (though not exclusively) pronounced OW-en
ar, ard	I, SG	height	Armagh, Ardglass
ash	OE	ash tree	Ashton-under-Lyne
ast	OE	east	Aston	prefix
auch(en)-, ach-	I, SG	field	Auchendinny, Auchenshuggle, Achnasheen	prefix	anglicised from achadh. Ach- is generally the Highland form, and Auch- the lowland. Auchen- "means field of the X" (Achadh nan X)
auchter-	I, SG	height, top of something	Auchtermuchty, Auchterarder	prefix	anglicised from Uachdar
axe, exe, usk	Bry.	from isca, meaning water	Exeter, River Axe (Devon), River Exe, River Usk, Axminster.
ay, y, ey	OE/ON	island	Ramsay, Westray, Lundy, Orkney	suffix (usually)
bal, balla, bally, ball	SG, I	farm, homestead	Ballachulish, Balerno, Ballymena, Ballinamallard	prefix	anglicised from baile
beck	OE,ON	stream	Holbeck, Beckinsale, Troutbeck, Cod Beck		cf. ger. Bach
berg, berry	OE/ON	hill (cf. 'iceberg')	Roseberry Topping,		In Farnborough (OE Fernaberga), berg has converged toward borough
bex	OE	box, the tree	Bexley, Bexhill-on-Sea		The OE name of Bexhill-on-Sea was Bexelei, a glade where box grew.
blen, blaen	C, W	fell, hill, upland	Blencathra, Blencogo, Blaenau Ffestiniog
bost	ON	farm	Leurbost	suffix	cf. ster, (bol)staðr; this form is usually found in the Outer Hebrides
bourne, burn	OE	brook, stream	Bournemouth, Eastbourne, Ashbourne, Blackburn		cf. ger. -born as in Herborn
brad	OE	broad	Bradford	prefix
bre	C, W, K	hill	Bredon, Carn Brea	prefix
bury, borough, brough, burgh	OE	fortified enclosure	Aylesbury, Dewsbury, Bury, Middlesbrough, Edinburgh, Bamburgh, Peterborough	(usually) suffix	See Borough for further information and other uses. Burgh is primarily Northumbrian and Scots. Cf. nl. and ger. Burg
by	ON	settlement, village	Grimsby, Tenby	usually suffix but compare Bicker (the town marsh)	also survives in bylaw and by-election
carden	P	thicket	Kincardine, Cardenden	suffix
caster, chester, cester, ceter	OE (<L)	camp, fortification (of Roman origin)	Lancaster, Doncaster, Gloucester, Caister, Manchester, Worcester, Chester, Exeter	suffix
caer, car	C, W (<L)	camp, fortification	Caerdydd, Caerleon, Carlisle, Caerfyrddin	prefix	derived from Brythonic "caer" cf Chester (OE.)/Castra (L.)
cheap, chipping	OE	market	Chipping Norton, Chipping Campden, Chepstow		also as part of a street name, e.g. Cheapside. 'Chippenham' is from a personal name.
combe	OE (<W)	valley	Woolacombe (Devon), Doccombe, Ilfracombe		usually pronounced 'coo-m' or 'cum', cognate with cwm
coed	W	wood, forest	Betws-y-coed
cot, cott	OE,W	cottage, small building or derived from Bry/W Coed or Coet meaning a wood	Ascot, Draycott in the Clay, Swadlincote	suffix
cul	C	narrow	Culcheth	prefix
cwm, cum	W, C	valley	Cwmaman, Cumdivock, Cwmann, Cwmbran, Cwm Head	prefix	Borrowed into old English as suffix "coombe". 'Cwm' in Welsh and 'Cum', in Cumbric.
cum	L	with	Salcott-cum-Virley, Cockshutt-cum-Petton	hyphenated between two other names	Used where two parishes were combined into one. Unrelated to Cumbric cum.
dal	SG, I	meadow, low lying area by river	Dalry, Dalmellington	prefix	Cognate with and probably influenced by P Dol
dale	OE/ON	valley OE, allotment OE	Airedale i.e. valley of the River Aire, Rochdale, Saxondale	suffix	Cognate with Tal (Ger.), dalr (ON)
dean, den, don	OE - denu	valley (dene)	Croydon, Dean Village, Horndean, Todmorden	suffix	the geography is often the only indicator as to the original root word (cf. don, a hill)
din, dinas	W	fort	Dinas Powys	prefix	homologous to 'dun'; see below
don, den	OE	hill	Abingdon, Bredon, Willesden	suffix
drum	SG, I	ridge, back	Drumchapel, Drumnacanvy, Drumnadrochit	prefix	anglicised from druim
dun, dum	SG, I	fort	Dundee, Dumbarton, Dungannon	prefix	derived from dùn.
ey, ea, e.g., eig	OE eg	island	Romsey, Athelney, Ely		cf. Low German -oog as in Langeoog
ey	OE haeg	enclosure	Hornsey, Hay (-on-Wye)		separate meaning to -ey 'island' - see above
field	OE	open land, a forest clearing	Sheffield, Huddersfield, Wakefield, Mansfield, Macclesfield, Mirfield	suffix	cf. ger. Feld
fin	SG	white, holy	Findochty	prefix	anglicised from 'fionn'
firth	OE	wood or woodland	Holmfirth, Chapel-en-le-Frith	suffix
firth	ON	fjord, inlet	Burrafirth, Firth of Forth		from Norse fjorðr
ford, forth	OE	ford, crossing	Bradford, Ampleforth, Watford		cf. ger. -furt as in Frankfurt am Main
fos, foss	L, OE	ditch	River Foss, Fangfoss		Separate from ON 'foss, force' - see below
foss, force	ON	waterfall	Aira Force, High Force		Separate from L/OE 'fos, foss' - see above
gate	ON	road	Gate Helmsley, Holgate
garth	ON	enclosure	Aysgarth		cf. ger. -gart as in Stuttgart
gill, ghyll	ON	ravine, narrow gully	Gillamoor, Garrigill, Dungeon Ghyll
glen	SG, I	narrow valley, dale	Rutherglen, Glenarm, Corby Glen		anglicised from gleann
gowt		Water outfall, sluice, drain	Guthram Gowt, Anton's Gowt		First ref gives the word as the local pronunciation of 'Go Out'; Second as 'A water-pipe under the ground. A sewer. A flood-gate, through which the marsh-water runs from the reens into the sea.'. Reen is a Somerset word, not used in the Fens. Gout appears to be cognate with the French égout, sewer. Though the modern mind associates the word 'sewer' with foul water, it was not always necessarily so.
ham	OE	farm, homestead, [settlement]	Rotherham, Newham, Nottingham	suffix	often confused by hamm, an enclosure; cf. nl. hem and ger. Heim
hithe, hythe	OE	wharf, place for landing boats	Rotherhithe, Hythe, Erith
holm	OE	island	Holmfirth, Hempholme
hope	OE	valley, enclosed area	Woolhope, Glossop		cf. ger. Hof
howe	ON haugr	mound, hill, knoll,	Howe, Norfolk, Howe, North Yorkshire
hurst	OE	(wooded) hill	Dewhurst, Woodhurst		cf. ger. Horst
ing	OE ingas	people of	Reading, the people (followers) of Reada, Spalding, the people of Spald	suffix	sometimes survives in an apparent plural form e.g. Hastings; also, often combined with 'ham' or 'ton'; 'homestead of the people of' (e.g. Birmingham, Bridlington); cf. nl. and ger. -ing(en) as in Groningen, Göttingen, or Straubing
ing	OE	place, small stream	Lockinge	suffix	difficult to distinguish from -ingas without examination of early place-name forms.
inver	SG	mouth of (a river), confluence, a meeting of waters	Inverness	prefix	cf. 'aber'.
keld	ON	spring	Keld, Threlkeld
keth, cheth	C	wood	Penketh, Culcheth	suffix	cf. W. 'coed'
kil	SG, I	monastic cell, old church	Kilmarnock, Killead	prefix	anglicised from Cill
kin	SG, I	head	Kincardine, Kinallen	prefix	anglicised from Ceann
king	OE/ON	king, tribal leader	King's Norton, King's Lynn, Kingston, Kingston Bagpuize, Coningsby
kirk	ON	church	Kirkwall, Ormskirk, Colkirk		cf. ger -kirch as in Altkirch
kyle	SG	narrows	Kyle of Lochalsh	prefix	anglicised from Caol
lan, lhan, llan	C, K, P, W	church, churchyard, village with church, parish	Lanteglos (Cornwall), Lhanbryde (Moray), Lanercost, Llanbedr Pont Steffan, Llanybydder, Llanwenog, Llannwnen	prefix,
lang	OE	long	Langdale, Great Langton, Kings Langley	prefix	cf. ger. -langen as in Erlangen
law, low	OE	from hlaw, a rounded hill	Charlaw, Tow Law, Lewes, Ludlow	often standalone	often a hill with a barrow or hillocks on its summit
le	NF?	from archaic French lès, in the vicinity of, near to	Chester-le-Street	interfix	Hartlepool appears to contain le by folk etymology; older spellings show no such element.
lea, ley, leigh	OE	from leah, a woodland clearing	Barnsley, Hadleigh, Leigh	(usually) suffix	cf. nl. -loo as in Waterloo, ger. -loh as in Gütersloh
lin, llyn	C, W	lake (or simply water)	Lindow, Lindefferon, Llyn Brianne, Pen Llyn	usually prefix
ling, lyng	OE	heather	Lingmell
magna	L	great	Appleby Magna, Chew Magna, Wigston Magna		Primarily a medieval affectation
mere	OE	lake, pool	Windermere, Grasmere, Cromer
minster	OE	large church, monastery	Westminster, Wimborne Minster		cf. ger. Münster
moss	OE	Swamp, bog	Mossley, Lindow Moss, Moss Side		cf. ger. Moos
mouth	ME	Mouth (of a river), bay	Plymouth, Bournemouth, Portsmouth, Monmouth	suffix	cf. ger. Münden or Gemünd
mynydd	W	mountain	Mynydd Moel	prefix
nan, nans	K	valley	Nancledra (Cornwall)	prefix
nant	C, W	ravine or the stream in it	Nantgarw, Nantwich	prefix	same origin as nan, nans above
ness	OE, ON	promontory, headland (literally 'nose')	Sheerness, Skegness, Inverness, Furness	suffix
nor	OE	north	Norton, Norbury, Norwich	prefix
pant	W	a hollow	Pantmawr
parva	L	little	Appleby Parva, Wigston Parva
pen	C, K, W	head (headland or hill)	Penzance, Pendle, Penrith	prefix	also Pedn in W. Cornwall
pit	P	portion, share, farm	Pitlochry (Perthshire), Pitmedden	prefix	homologous with K peath
pol	C, K	pool or lake	Polperro (Cornwall), Poltragow	prefix
pont	L, K, W	bridge	Pontypridd, Pontheugh	prefix	can also be found in its mutated form bont, e.g., Pen-y-bont (Bridgend); originally from Latin pons
pool		harbour	Liverpool, Blackpool, Hartlepool	suffix
porth	K, W	harbour	Porthcawl, Porthaethwy	prefix
port	ME	port, harbour	Davenport	suffix
shaw	OE	a wood	Penshaw, Openshaw	standalone or suffix	a fringe of woodland
shep, ship	OE	sheep	Shepshed, Shepton Mallet, Shipton, North Yorkshire	prefix
stan	OE	stone, stony	Stanmore, Stamford, Stanlow	prefix	cf. ger. Stein
stead	OE	place, enclosed pasture	Hampstead, Berkhamsted	suffix	cf. ger. Stadt or -stätt as in Eichstätt
ster	ON	farm	Lybster, Scrabster	suffix	cf. -bost from (bol)staðr
stoke	OE stoc	dependent farmstead, secondary settlement	Stoke-on-Trent, Stoke Damerel, Basingstoke	(usually) standalone
stow	OE	(holy) place (of assembly)	Stow-on-the-Wold, Padstow, Bristol, Stowmarket
strath	SG	wide valley, vale	Strathmore (Angus)	prefix	derived from srath (but conflated with Brythonic "Ystrad")
streat, street	L, OE	road (Roman)	Spital-in-the-Street, Chester-le-Street, Streatham		derived from strata, L. 'paved road'
sud, sut	OE	south	Sudbury, Sutton	prefix
swin	OE	pigs, swine	Swindon, Swinford (Leicestershire)
tarn	ON	lake			In modern English, usually a glacial lake in a coombe.
thorp, thorpe	ON	secondary settlement	Cleethorpes, Thorpeness		an outlier of an earlier settlement. cf. ger. Dorf
thwaite, twatt	ON thveit	a forest clearing with a dwelling, or parcel of land	Huthwaite, Twatt	suffix
tre	C, K, W	settlement	Trevose Head, Tregaron, Trevercraig	prefix
tilly	SG	hillock	Tillicoultry, Tillydrone	prefix
toft	ON	homestead	Lowestoft	usually suffix
treath	K	beach	Tywardreath
tun, ton	OE tun	enclosure, estate, homestead	Tunstead, Warrington, Brighton, Coniston		OE pronunciation 'toon'. Compare en. town, nl. tuin (garden) and ger. Zaun (fence); all derived from Germanic root 'tun
upon	ME	by/"upon" a river	Newcastle upon Tyne, Stratford-upon-Avon	interfix
weald, wold	OE	high woodland	Wealdstone, Stow-on-the-Wold, Southwold		cf. ger. Wald
wick, wich, wych, wyke	L, OE	place, settlement	Norwich, Ipswich, Alnwick	suffix	related to Latin 'vicus' (place), cf. nl. 'wijk'
wick	ON vik	bay	Runswick, Wick, Lerwick	suffix	cf. Jorvik (modern York)
whel	C	mine or cave	Wheldrake
worth, worthy, wardine	OE	enclosure	Tamworth, Farnworth, Holsworthy, Bredwardine	usually suffix
ynys	W	Island	Ynys Mon (Anglesey)