Vidi kôd stranice Kinburnska prevlaka

{{infookvir pješčani sprud
| ime                = Kinburnska prevlaka
| izvorno ime        = {{Ukr.|Кінбурнська коса|Kinbúrnska kosá}}
| slika              = Кінбурнська коса восени.jpg
| opis slike         = Kinburnska prevlaka u jesen
| slika2             = {{JZ Hersonska oblast}}
| opis slike2        = 
| zemljovid          = 
| zemljovid_opis     = 

| vrsta              = poluotok
| etimologija        = 

| koordinate         = {{Coord|46.552826|31.534460|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| smještaj           = 
| dz                 = UKR
| more               = [[Crno more]]
| razdvaja           = [[Dnjeparsko-buški estuarij]] i [[Zaljev Jahorlik]]
| zatvara            = 
| spaja              = 

| površina           = 
| površina ref       = 
| duljina            = 
| duljina ref        = 
| širina             = 
| širina ref         = 

| glavno naselje     = 
| naselje_stan       = 
| naselje_godina     = 
| stanovništvo       = protjerano
| stan_godina        = 

| zemljovid_lok      = Locator map of Mykolaiv province.svg
| zemljovid_lok_opis = Poliožaj [[Mikolajivska oblast|Mikolajivske oblasti]] u Ukrajini
| pushpin_map        = Ukrajina Mikolajivska oblast
| mark               = Red circle.svg
| marksize           = 12
| pushpin_label      = 
| pushpin_label_position = left
| bilješke           = 
| zaštita            = 
}}
'''Kinburnska prevlaka''' ({{Ukr.|Кінбурнська коса|Kinbúrnska kosá}}) je [[pješčani sprud]] u [[Mikolajivski rajon|Mikolajivskom rajonu]], [[Mikolajivska oblast]], Ukrajina.<ref>[https://tripmustgoon.com/en/kinburn-spit Kinburn Spit] ''TripMustGoOn''</ref> Jedini kopneni pristup prevlaci je kroz [[Hersonska oblast|Hersonsku oblast]]. Zauzima najzapadniji dio [[Kinburnski poluotok|Kinburnskog poluotoka]], protežući se zapadno u [[Crno more]] između [[Dnjeparsko-buški estuarij|Dnjeparsko-buškog estuarija]] na sjeveru i [[Zaljev Jahorlik|zaljeva Jahorlik]] na jugu. Dug je 10 km, a širok oko 1 km na ulazu, sužavajući se na oko 100 metara na njegovoj zapadnoj polovici.

Tijekom [[Invazija Rusije na Ukrajinu 2022. – 2023.|ruske invazije na Ukrajinu]], sprud su zauzele ruske snage 10. lipnja 2022. Rusija je utvrdila sprud i na njega postavila opremu za [[elektroničko ratovanje]] i koordinaciju raketnih i topničkih napada na obližnje ukrajinske položaje. Od ukrajinske [[Protuofenziva u Hersonskoj oblasti 2022.|protuofenzive u Hersonskoj oblasti 2022.]] koja je završila u studenom 2022., vraćeni teritorij sjeverno od zaljeva omogućio je ukrajinskim snagama da češće pokušavaju amfibijske desante na zaljev kako bi [[izviđanje]] za njegovo potencijalno ponovno zauzimanje.

== Povijest ==
''[[Bitka kod Kinburna (1787.)|Bitka kod Kinburna]]'' vodila se 12. listopada ([[Datumi po starom i novom stilu|N.S.]])/1. listopada ([[Datumi po starom i novom stilu|O.S]].) 1787. kao dio [[Rusko-turski rat (1787. – 1792.)|Rusko-turskog rata (1787. – 1792.)]].

''[[Bitka kod Kinburna (1855.)|Bitka kod Kinburna]]'' vodila se 17. listopada 1855. u sklopu [[Krimski rat|Krimskog rata]].
[[Datoteka:AFRE_Kinburn.jpg|mini|260x260px| Karta c. 1830. s prikazom [[Tvrđava Kinburn|tvrđave Kinburn]] na sprudu.]]
Do sredine 19. stoljeća na Kinburnskoj prevlaci nalazila se [[Osmansko Carstvo|osmanska]] utvrda, koju su krajem 18. stoljeća zauzeli Rusi. Razrušena je nakon [[Krimski rat|Krimskog rata]] 1853-1856 prema odredbama [[Pariški ugovor (1856.)|Pariškog ugovora (1856)]].{{Ni}}

Tijekom kontrole [[Sovjetski Savez|Sovjetskog Saveza]] od 1922. do 1991. cijeli poluotok Kinburn imao je više od 1000 stanovnika u tri sela koja su se ondje nalazila i bio je poznat po uzgoju i berbi [[Vrtna jagoda|jagoda]].<ref name="Quaoar">{{Citiranje weba |last=Quaoar |date=30. listopada 2022. |title=Why is Russia fortifying an environmentally sensitive Ukrainian peninsula of sand and lakes? |url=https://m.dailykos.com/stories/2022/10/30/2132243/-Why-is-Russia-fortifying-an-environmentally-sensitive-Ukrainian-peninsula-of-sand-and-lakes |access-date=26. studenoga 2022. |website=dailykos.com |publisher=Daily Kos}}</ref> Pobrano voće često bi se avionom prevozilo u [[Odesa|Odesu]] za širu distribuciju na [[Poljoprivredno tržište|poljoprivrednim tržnicama]].<ref name="Quaoar" /> Otprilike nakon pada Sovjetskog Saveza 1991., broj stanovnika u sva tri sela je opao, a 2022. iznosio je ukupno oko 150; uzgoj i berba jagoda su u najvećoj mjeri prestali. To je dovelo do toga da Kinburn postane prirodni park u Ukrajini, čuvajući preostali ekosustav i divlje životinje, posebno jedinstvene [[Kudravi nesit|kudrave pelikane]] koji tamo žive.<ref name="Quaoar" />{{Bolji izvor}}<blockquote>Većina prihoda od spruda prije invazije dolazila je od kampera, planinara i promatrača zvijezda koji su posjećivali Nacionalni park.<ref name="Quaoar" /></blockquote>

=== Ruska invazija 2022. ===
Kinburnsku prevlaku ruske snage nisu zauzele na početku [[Invazija Rusije na Ukrajinu 2022. – 2023.|ruske invazije na Ukrajinu 2022. godine]], već 4 mjeseca kasnije, 10. lipnja, nakon što su tamo svladale otpor ukrajinskih snaga.<ref name="ISW 6/10">{{Citiranje weba |last=Hird |first=Karolina |last2=Stepanenko |first2=Kateryna |last3=Clark |first3=Mason |date=10. lipnja 2022. |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 10 |url=https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-june-10 |access-date=22. studenoga 2022. |website=understandingwar.org |publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref><ref name="Forbes 14">{{Citiranje weba |last=Axe |first=David |date=14. studenoga 2022. |title=A Strategic Strip Of Sand. Rumors Of Ukrainian Raids. As Russian Forces Retreat, Keep An Eye On The Kinburn Spit. |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/11/14/a-strategic-strip-of-sand-rumors-of-ukrainian-raids-as-russian-forces-retreat-keep-an-eye-on-the-kinburn-spit/?sh=172b9bc9304d |url-access=subscription |access-date=17. studenoga 2022. |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Ruska ofenziva djelomično je potpomognuta stalnim bombardiranjem ukrajinskih mornaričkih snaga u Očakivu u mjesecu pred zauzimanje, što je Ukrajini otežalo opskrbu tamošnjih trupa.<ref name="ISW 6/10" /> Zauzimanje prevlake bila je jedna od posljednjih značajnih ruskih vojnih pobjeda na južnoj ukrajinskoj bojišnici 2022.<ref name="Forbes 14" />

Tijekom okupacije ruske su snage rasporedile sustave [[Elektroničko ratovanje|elektroničkog ratovanja]] i koordinirale granatiranje desne obale Dnjepra i južne Ukrajine.<ref name="VOA 16">{{Citiranje weba |date=16. studenoga 2022. |title=Latest Developments in Ukraine: Nov. 16 |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/latest-developments-in-ukraine-nov-16/6836458.html |access-date=19. studenoga 2022. |website=voanews.com |publisher=Voice of America |quote="Ukrainian forces carried out more than 50 strikes around the Kinburn Spit, in Mykolaiv province, which is currently under the control of the Russian army. The spit is said to be a key site for Russian electronic warfare and of strategic importance for coordinating Russian shelling of the right bank of the Dnieper River and southern Ukraine."}}</ref> Sprud je također korišten kao lansirno mjesto za raketne i topničke napade na položaje pod ukrajinskom kontrolom u Očakivu,<ref>{{Citiranje weba |date=12. prosinca 2022. |title=Key Ukraine naval base unbowed despite Russian onslaught |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221212-key-ukraine-naval-base-unbowed-despite-russian-onslaught |access-date=13. prosinca 2022. |website=france24.com |publisher=[[France 24]] |quote="After failing to seize the port and its naval base, Russian troops have been pummelling Ochakiv from the nearby Kinburn peninsula."}}</ref> južnoj Mikolajivskoj oblasti i obali Crnog mora.<ref name="ISW 11/21">{{Citiranje weba |last=Hird |first=Karolina |last2=Mappes |first2=Grace |last3=Bailey |first3=Riley |last4=Philipson |first4=Layne |last5=Klepanchuk |first5=Yekaterina |last6=Williams |first6=Madison |last7=Kagan |first7=Frederick W. |date=21. studenoga 2022. |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 21 |url=https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-november-21 |access-date=26. studenoga 2022. |website=understandingwar.org |publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba |date=12. studenoga 2022. |title=Ukrainian forces strike Russian HQ in Kherson region, kill over 30 invaders, destroy two tanks |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3612620-ukrainian-forces-strike-russian-hq-in-kherson-region-kill-over-30-invaders-destroy-two-tanks.html |access-date=19. studenoga 2022. |website=ukrinform.net |publisher=Ukrinform |quote="From the Kinburn Spit, the enemy used a Grad system to fire at the Kutsurub community of the Mykolaiv region."}}</ref> Na sprudu se nalazilo najmanje jedno skladište streljiva<ref name="Depot">{{Citiranje weba |date=26. rujna 2022. |title=Armed Forces of Ukraine eliminate 43 invaders, five ammo depots in south |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3579500-armed-forces-of-ukraine-eliminate-43-invaders-five-ammo-depots-in-south.html |access-date=22. studenoga 2022. |website=ukrinform.net |publisher=Ukrinform |quote="In addition, five ammunition depots were destroyed: in Bezimenne, Ternovi Pody, Kalynivka, and on the Kinburn Spit."}}</ref> i potencijalno središte za kontrolu i obuku borbenih bespilotnih letjelica.<ref name="ISW 9/26">{{Citiranje weba |last=Stepanenko |first=Kateryna |last2=Lawlor |first2=Katherine |last3=Barros |first3=George |last4=Bailey |first4=Riley |last5=Kagan |first5=Frederick W. |date=26. rujna 2022. |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 26 |url=https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-september-26 |access-date=24. studenoga 2022. |website=understandingwar.org |publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref> Vjeruje se da je Rusija sprud dobro utvrdila [[Bunker|četvrtastim betonskim bunkerima]].<ref name="Quaoar">{{Citiranje weba |last=Quaoar |date=30. listopada 2022. |title=Why is Russia fortifying an environmentally sensitive Ukrainian peninsula of sand and lakes? |url=https://m.dailykos.com/stories/2022/10/30/2132243/-Why-is-Russia-fortifying-an-environmentally-sensitive-Ukrainian-peninsula-of-sand-and-lakes |access-date=26. studenoga 2022. |website=dailykos.com |publisher=Daily Kos}}</ref>

Rat nije imao samo destruktivan i destruktivan utjecaj na stanovnike koji su živjeli na Kinburnskoj pljusci, već i na jedinstvene biljke i [[Plavi različak|divlje]] životinje kao što su vrste ''[[Centaurea breviceps]]'' i ''Centaurea Paczoskii'',<ref>{{Citiranje weba |date=23. prosinca 2022. |title=Unique plants in the south of Ukraine may become extinct because of the war |url=https://uacrisis.org/en/cherez-vijnu-unikalni-roslyny-na-pivdni-ukrayiny-mozhut-znyknuty-nazavzhdy |access-date=29. prosinca 2022. |website=uacrisis.org |publisher=Ukraine Crisis Media Center |quote="Oleksiy Vasyliuk, head of the NGO Ukrainian Nature Conservation Group, said that there are unique plants on the Kinburn Spit that grow only there and nowhere else on the planet, for example, two cornflower species – Сentaurea breviceps and Сentaurea Paczoskii."}}</ref> i njihov osjetljivi ekosustav.<ref name="Quaoar">{{Citiranje weba |last=Quaoar |date=30. listopada 2022. |title=Why is Russia fortifying an environmentally sensitive Ukrainian peninsula of sand and lakes? |url=https://m.dailykos.com/stories/2022/10/30/2132243/-Why-is-Russia-fortifying-an-environmentally-sensitive-Ukrainian-peninsula-of-sand-and-lakes |access-date=26. studenoga 2022. |website=dailykos.com |publisher=Daily Kos}}</ref> U svibnju 2022. požar na 4 000 hektara, izazvan raketama, nanio je trajnu štetu staništu [[Trajnice|višegodišnjih šuma]] i slanih močvara spruda.<ref name="Quaoar" /><ref name="Cundy">{{Citiranje weba |last=Cundy |first=Antonia |date=7. lipnja 2022. |title=Dead dolphins: how nature became another casualty of the Ukraine war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jun/07/dead-dolphins-how-nature-became-another-casualty-of-the-ukraine-war |access-date=24. studenoga 2022. |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba |last=Kottasová |first=Ivana |date=22. svibnja 2022. |title=Ukraine's natural environment is another casualty of war. The damage could be felt for decades |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/22/europe/ukraine-russia-war-environment-intl-cmd/index.html |access-date=24. studenoga 2022. |website=cnn.com |publisher=[[CNN]] |quote="Precious perennial forests and salt marshes in the Kinburn Spit Reserve in the Mykolaiv region were on fire for more than a week, its unique habitats were left devastated, according to Zinoviy Petrovich, the head of Kinburn Spit Reserve."}}</ref>

Ukrajina je izvela prve zabilježene pokušaje izviđanja na sprudu u rujnu 2022. na savjet [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva]].<ref name="Forbes 14">{{Citiranje weba |last=Axe |first=David |date=14. studenoga 2022. |title=A Strategic Strip Of Sand. Rumors Of Ukrainian Raids. As Russian Forces Retreat, Keep An Eye On The Kinburn Spit. |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/11/14/a-strategic-strip-of-sand-rumors-of-ukrainian-raids-as-russian-forces-retreat-keep-an-eye-on-the-kinburn-spit/?sh=172b9bc9304d |url-access=subscription |access-date=17. studenoga 2022. |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba |date=19. rujna 2022. |title=Ukraine's Armed Forces strike enemy base on Kinburn Spit |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3617670-ukraines-armed-forces-strike-enemy-base-on-kinburn-spit.html |access-date=24. studenoga 2022. |website=ukrinform.net |publisher=Ukrinform}}</ref> Napadi i udari nastavili su se tijekom rujna<ref name="Forbes 14" /><ref name="Depot">{{Citiranje weba |date=26. rujna 2022. |title=Armed Forces of Ukraine eliminate 43 invaders, five ammo depots in south |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3579500-armed-forces-of-ukraine-eliminate-43-invaders-five-ammo-depots-in-south.html |access-date=22. studenoga 2022. |website=ukrinform.net |publisher=Ukrinform |quote="In addition, five ammunition depots were destroyed: in Bezimenne, Ternovi Pody, Kalynivka, and on the Kinburn Spit."}}</ref><ref name="ISW 9/26">{{Citiranje weba |last=Stepanenko |first=Kateryna |last2=Lawlor |first2=Katherine |last3=Barros |first3=George |last4=Bailey |first4=Riley |last5=Kagan |first5=Frederick W. |date=26. rujna 2022. |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 26 |url=https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-september-26 |access-date=24. studenoga 2022. |website=understandingwar.org |publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref> i u listopadu.<ref name="Forbes 14" /><ref name="Quaoar">{{Citiranje weba |last=Quaoar |date=30. listopada 2022. |title=Why is Russia fortifying an environmentally sensitive Ukrainian peninsula of sand and lakes? |url=https://m.dailykos.com/stories/2022/10/30/2132243/-Why-is-Russia-fortifying-an-environmentally-sensitive-Ukrainian-peninsula-of-sand-and-lakes |access-date=26. studenoga 2022. |website=dailykos.com |publisher=Daily Kos}}</ref>

==== Dnjeparska kampanja (2022. – danas) ====
Nakon [[Rusko povlačenje iz Hersona|ruskog povlačenja sa zapadne obale rijeke Dnjepar]] tijekom [[Protuofenziva u Hersonskoj oblasti 2022.|ukrajinske protuofenzive u Hersonskoj oblasti]] 11. studenoga, sav preostali teritorij pod ruskom okupacijom u Mikolajivskoj oblasti, osim Kinburnske prevlake, ponovno su zauzele ukrajinske snage.<ref>{{Citiranje weba |last=Midttun |first=Hans Petter |date=12. studenoga 2022. |title=Russo-Ukrainian War. Day 262: Ukrainian defense forces liberate Kherson city |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2022/11/12/russo-ukrainian-war-day-262-ukrainian-defense-forces-liberate-kherson-city/ |access-date=19. studenoga 2022. |website=euromaidanpress.com |publisher=Euromaidan Press}}</ref> Ukrajina je ponovno imala pristup ušću Dnjepra, iako plovidba Crnim morem još uvijek nije bila moguća.<ref name="ISW 6/10">{{Citiranje weba |last=Hird |first=Karolina |last2=Stepanenko |first2=Kateryna |last3=Clark |first3=Mason |date=10. lipnja 2022. |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 10 |url=https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-june-10 |access-date=22. studenoga 2022. |website=understandingwar.org |publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba |last=Mirovalev |first=Mansur |date=11. studenoga 2022. |title=Russia's Kherson retreat marks tectonic shift in Ukraine war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/11/russia-kherson-retreat-marks-tectonic-shift-in-ukraine-war |access-date=19. studenoga 2022. |website=aljazeera.com |publisher=Aljazeera |quote="But navigation is so far impossible as Russia controls the Kinburn Spit, its last toehold in the southern Mykolaiv region, that blocks the way from the Dnieper to the Black Sea and farther into the Mediterranean, Kushch said."}}</ref> Očakiv je postao manje ranjiv na ruske topničke napade nakon pomaka na bojišnici, što je omogućilo ukrajinskim snagama da izvode napade s manje ometanja. Udaljen samo samo 4 km, preko tjesnaca, Očakiv je bio najbliže naselje sprudu ,<ref name="ISW 11/21">{{Citiranje weba |last=Hird |first=Karolina |last2=Mappes |first2=Grace |last3=Bailey |first3=Riley |last4=Philipson |first4=Layne |last5=Klepanchuk |first5=Yekaterina |last6=Williams |first6=Madison |last7=Kagan |first7=Frederick W. |date=21. studenoga 2022. |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 21 |url=https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-november-21 |access-date=26. studenoga 2022. |website=understandingwar.org |publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref> rusko povlačenje stavilo je Kinburnsku prevlaku u domet topništva.<ref name="Forbes 14">{{Citiranje weba |last=Axe |first=David |date=14. studenoga 2022. |title=A Strategic Strip Of Sand. Rumors Of Ukrainian Raids. As Russian Forces Retreat, Keep An Eye On The Kinburn Spit. |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/11/14/a-strategic-strip-of-sand-rumors-of-ukrainian-raids-as-russian-forces-retreat-keep-an-eye-on-the-kinburn-spit/?sh=172b9bc9304d |url-access=subscription |access-date=17. studenoga 2022. |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Dana 12. studenog ukrajinsko [[operativno zapovjedništvo Jug]] službeno je objavilo svoju namjeru da ponovno zauzme sprud.<ref name="Quaoar">{{Citiranje weba |last=Quaoar |date=30. listopada 2022. |title=Why is Russia fortifying an environmentally sensitive Ukrainian peninsula of sand and lakes? |url=https://m.dailykos.com/stories/2022/10/30/2132243/-Why-is-Russia-fortifying-an-environmentally-sensitive-Ukrainian-peninsula-of-sand-and-lakes |access-date=26. studenoga 2022. |website=dailykos.com |publisher=Daily Kos}}</ref><ref name="Forbes 14" />

U noći 13. studenoga, ukrajinske desantne grupe iz Očakiva pokušale su se iskrcati na sprudu kod Pokrovske nakon izvođenja ograničenih napada<ref name="ISW 11/14">{{Citiranje weba |last=Stepanenko |first=Kateryna |last2=Hird |first2=Karolina |last3=Philipson |first3=Layne |last4=Howard |first4=Angela |last5=Klepanchuk |first5=Yekaterina |last6=Williams |first6=Madison |last7=Kagan |first7=Frederick W. |date=14. studenoga 2022. |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 14 |url=https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-november-14 |access-date=19. studenoga 2022. |website=understandingwar.org |publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref> i iskrcavanja malih čamaca prethodnih dana.<ref name="Forbes 15">{{Citiranje weba |last=Axe |first=David |date=15. studenoga 2022. |title=The Zaporizhzhia Left Hook: How The Ukrainian Army Could Get Behind The Dnieper River And Roll Up Thousands Of Russian Troops |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/11/15/the-zaporizhzhia-left-hook-how-the-ukrainian-army-could-get-behind-the-dnipro-river-and-roll-up-thousands-of-russian-troops/?sh=299c70075ef3 |url-access=subscription |access-date=17. studenoga 2022. |website=[[Forbes]] |quote="The Ukrainians' southern push mostly has paused on the Dnipro's right bank, although there are signs that Ukrainian special operations forces have used small boats to cross the mouth of the Dnipro and reconnoiter the Kinburn Spit"}}</ref> Izvješća da je operacija bila uspješna kružila su uglavnom ukrajinskim društvenim mrežama sve dok [[Oružane snage Ukrajine]] 15. studenoga to nisu službeno demantirale.<ref>{{Citiranje weba |last=Vanian |first=Roman |date=15. studenoga 2022. |title=AFU refutes liberation of Oleshky and Kinburn Spit |url=https://ukranews.com/en/news/895008-afu-refutes-liberation-of-oleshky-and-kinburn-spit |access-date=21. studenoga 2022. |website=ukranews.com |publisher=Ukrainian News Agency}}</ref><ref name="OpCommand">{{Citiranje weba |date=16. studenoga 2022. |title=Ukrainian rocket and artillery units attacked Kinburn Spit, Nova Kakhovka, Oleshky in occupied south – OpCommand South |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2022/11/16/ukrainian-rocket-and-artillery-units-attacked-kinburn-spit-nova-kakhovka-oleshky-in-occupied-south-opcommand-south/ |access-date=21. studenoga 2022. |website=euromaidanpress.com |publisher=Euromaidan Press}}</ref> Dana 14. studenoga, ruske su snage lansirale rakete S-300 na Očakiv, s ciljem prekida ukrajinske vatrene kontrole nad sprudom i onemogućavanja budućih pokušaje iskrcavanja.<ref name="ISW 11/14" /> Dana 16. studenoga ukrajinsko [[operativno zapovjedništvo Jug]] izvijestilo je da su njihove snage izvele više od 50 napada oko spruda kako bi prekinule rusko granatiranje i elektroničko ratovanje.<ref name="VOA 16">{{Citiranje weba |date=16. studenoga 2022. |title=Latest Developments in Ukraine: Nov. 16 |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/latest-developments-in-ukraine-nov-16/6836458.html |access-date=19. studenoga 2022. |website=voanews.com |publisher=Voice of America |quote="Ukrainian forces carried out more than 50 strikes around the Kinburn Spit, in Mykolaiv province, which is currently under the control of the Russian army. The spit is said to be a key site for Russian electronic warfare and of strategic importance for coordinating Russian shelling of the right bank of the Dnieper River and southern Ukraine."}}</ref> U udarima je navodno ubijeno 17 ruskih vojnika i oštećeno 18 komada vojne opreme.<ref name="OpCommand" /><ref>{{Citiranje weba|date=16 November 2022|title=Ukrainian forces open fire on invaders on left bank of Dnipro River, near Kinburn Spit|url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3615411-ukrainian-forces-open-fire-on-invaders-on-left-bank-of-dnipro-river-near-kinburn-spit.html|access-date=19 November 2022|website=ukrinform.net|publisher=[[Ukrinform]]|quote="In total, the military completed more than 50 fire missions.,{{sic}} killing 17 Russian occupiers, destroying and damaged 15 armored vehicles, two self-propelled artillery pieces and an Orlan-10 reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicle."}}</ref> Dana 18. i 19. studenoga, ukrajinski napadi su se navodno nastavili, uspješno gađajući koncentracije ruskih snaga i opreme.<ref name="Grzegorz">{{Citiranje weba |last=Kuczyński |first=Grzegorz |date=23. studenoga 2022. |title=Ukraine Launches Assault On The Strategic Kinburn Peninsula |url=https://warsawinstitute.org/ukraine-launches-assault-on-the-strategic-kinburn-peninsula/ |access-date=26. studenoga 2022. |website=warsawinstitute.org |publisher=Warsaw Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba |last=Lewis |first=Kaitlin |date=18. studenoga 2022. |title=Ukraine Destroys Russian 'Base Point' at Kinburn Spit: Report |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ukraine-destroys-russian-base-point-kinburn-spit-report-1760803 |access-date=26. studenoga 2022. |website=newsweek.com |publisher=Newsweek |quote=Ukraine's military reported that its attack 'demilitarized seven Russians and two auto armor units,' adding that the 'base point' had been 'destroyed.'}}</ref> Dana 21. studenoga, ukrajinska voditeljica press centra Sigurnosno-obrambenih snaga Operativnog zapovjedništva Jug<ref name="Humeniuk">{{Citiranje weba |date=22. studenoga 2022. |title=Ukraine's operation to liberate Kinburn Spit continues - Humeniuk |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3619636-ukraines-operation-to-liberate-kinburn-spit-continues-humeniuk.html |access-date=26. studenoga 2022. |website=ukrinform.net |publisher=Ukrinform}}</ref> [[Natalia Humeniuk (vojnik)|Natalia Humeniuk]] službeno je potvrdila da Ukrajina provodi vojne operacije na sprudu, ali je pozvala na operativnu šutnju,<ref name="ISW 11/21">{{Citiranje weba |last=Hird |first=Karolina |last2=Mappes |first2=Grace |last3=Bailey |first3=Riley |last4=Philipson |first4=Layne |last5=Klepanchuk |first5=Yekaterina |last6=Williams |first6=Madison |last7=Kagan |first7=Frederick W. |date=21. studenoga 2022. |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 21 |url=https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-november-21 |access-date=26. studenoga 2022. |website=understandingwar.org |publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref><ref name="Grzegorz" /><ref name="Humeniuk" /> što je dan kasnije potvrdio [[Centar za strateško komuniciranje i informacijsku sigurnost|CSCIS]] koji je rekao da ukrajinske snage još nisu službeno zauzele teritorij.<ref>{{Citiranje weba |last=Stepanenko |first=Kateryna |last2=Bailey |first2=Riley |last3=Hird |first3=Karolina |last4=Williams |first4=Madison |last5=Klepanchuk |first5=Yekaterina |last6=Carl |first6=Nicholas |last7=Kagan |first7=Frederick W. |date=22. studenoga 2022. |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 22 |url=https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-november-22 |access-date=26. studenoga 2022. |website=understandingwar.org |publisher=Institute for the Study of War |quote="Ukrainian Center for Strategic Communications and Information Security also reported that Ukrainian forces are continuing to carry out unspecified operations on the Kinburn Spit, but specified that Russian forces are still holding positions at the spit."}}</ref> Zajedno s izvješćima o kontinuiranom ruskom granatiranju Očakiva,<ref>{{Citiranje weba |last=Hird |first=Karolina |last2=Bailey |first2=Riley |last3=Mappes |first3=Grace |last4=Howard |first4=Angela |last5=Kagan |first5=Frederick W. |date=26. studenoga 2022. |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 26 |url=https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-november-26 |access-date=5. prosinca 2022. |website=understandingwar.org |publisher=Institute for the Study of War |quote="Russian and Ukrainian sources reported that Russian forces shelled Ochakiv, less than 5km north of the Kinburn Spit."}}</ref> satelitske snimke koje je 27. studenoga prikazao [[Institut za proučavanje rata]] (ISW) otkrile su da su od otprilike povlačenja 11. studenoga ruske snage utvrdile 3 km široki pojas zemlje koji odvaja sprud od kopna Hersonske oblasti.<ref>{{Citiranje weba |last=Mappes |first=Grace |last2=Kagan |first2=Frederick W. |date=27. studenoga 2022. |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 27 |url=https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-november-27 |access-date=5. prosinca 2022. |website=understandingwar.org |publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>
 
Dana 28. studenoga ruske su snage deportirale posljednjih preostalih<ref>{{Citiranje weba |date=9. prosinca 2022. |title=No civilians left on Kinburn Spit, only invaders |url=https://news.yahoo.com/no-civilians-left-kinburn-spit-162650557.html |access-date=12. prosinca 2022. |website=news.yahoo.com |publisher=Yahoo! News}}</ref> 37 stanovnika iz ionako rijetko naseljenog područja, budući da su se tamo nastavile vojne operacije.<ref>{{Citiranje weba |last=Hird |first=Karolina |last2=Bailey |first2=Riley |last3=Williams |first3=Madison |last4=Klepanchuk |first4=Yekaterina |last5=Kagan |first5=Frederick W. |date=30. studenoga 2022. |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 30 |url=https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-november-30 |access-date=5. prosinca 2022. |website=understandingwar.org |publisher=Institute for the Study of War |quote="Mykolaiv Oblast Head Vitaly Kim announced on November 30 that Ukrainian forces are conducting an operation on the Kinburn Spit under informational silence conditions. Kim also stated that Russian forces forcibly removed residents from the Kinburn Spit on November 28."}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba |date=30. studenoga 2022. |title=Russians forcibly deport 37 local residents from Kinburn Spit |url=https://news.yahoo.com/russians-forcibly-deport-37-local-112826856.html |access-date=5. prosinca 2022. |website=news.yahoo.com |publisher=Yahoo! News}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba |last=O'Callaghan |first=Laura |last2=Rose |first2=Sunniva |date=1. prosinca 2022. |title=Sergey Lavrov says US role in Ukraine war poses existential threat to Russia |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/europe/2022/12/01/sergey-lavrov-us-role-in-ukraine-war-poses-existential-threat-to-russia/ |access-date=5. prosinca 2022. |website=thenationalnews.com |publisher=The National (Abu Dhabi) |quote="Vitalii Kim, the head of Mykolaiv Oblast's military administration, said […] "the occupiers forcibly deported people from the settlements of the Kinburn Spit", adding that 37 locals had been expelled."}}</ref> Dana 22. prosinca, [[Volodimir Saldo|Volodymyr Saldo]], a nakon njega još jedan ruski izvor 24. prosinca, tvrdio je da su ukrajinske snage redovito granatirale sprud dalekometnim topništvom i da su kao rezultat toga uništile zgradu ruske luke, ali da su opetovani napadi odbijeni.<ref>{{Citiranje weba |last=Stepanenko |first=Kateryna |last2=Bailey |first2=Riley |last3=Barros |first3=George |last4=Williams |first4=Madison |last5=Kagan |first5=Frederick W. |date=24. prosinca 2022. |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 24 |url=https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-december-24 |access-date=29. prosinca 2022. |website=understandingwar.org |publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== Regionalni krajobrazni park ==
[[Datoteka:Кінбурнська_коса_(регіональний_ландшафтний_парк)_7.jpg|mini|260x260px| Kinburnski pješčani sprud]]
[[Datoteka:Kinburn_sandbar_11.jpg|mini|260x260px| Kinburnski pješčani sprud]]
Regionalni krajobrazni park Kinburn Foreland obuhvaća 17.890 [[hektar]]a, od čega je 5631 ha pokriveno vodom.<ref>{{Citiranje weba |script-title=uk:РЛП "Кінбурнська коса": регіональний ландшафтний парк |trans-title=RLP "Kinburnska spit": regional landscape park |url=http://kinburn.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102184009/http://kinburn.org/ |archive-date=2012-11-02 |website=Kinburn |language=uk}}</ref>

Namjene parka:

* Očuvanje [[Bioraznolikost|biološke]] i krajobrazne raznolikosti
* Organizirano djelovanje građana
* Kulturno-prosvjetna djelatnost
* Lokalne potrebe

Odgovornost za usklađenost sa zakonodavstvom o zaštiti okoliša, planiranje i razvoj teritorija dodijeljeni su upravi parka, koja se nalazi u Očakivu.

== Flora i fauna ==
Kinburnsko područje je jedinstveni prirodni kompleks pijeska Donjeg Dnjepra koji se sastoji od mozaika pješčanih stepa, raznih močvara i umjetnih plantaža borova. Zaštićeno vrijeme pridonosi velikom vegetacijskom području na prednjem dijelu u kombinaciji bujne [[Zeljaste biljke|zeljaste vegetacije]] s borovom i hrastovom šumom. Močvare se mogu naći u istočnom dijelu.

Na predjelu se uočava značajan broj endemičnih, rijetkih i [[Ugrožena vrsta|ugroženih vrsta]] zaštićenih biljaka. Oko 60 vrsta koje se ovdje nalaze nalaze se na Ukrajinskom [[IUCN-ov crveni popis|crvenom popisu]].<ref>{{Citiranje knjige |last=Žil·cov |first=avtory i sost. S.R. Grineveckij, I.S. Zonn, S.S. |title=Černomorskaja ėnciklopedija |work=Meždunarodnye Otnošenija |year=2006 |isbn=5-7133-1273-9 |location=Moskva |trans-title=The Black Sea Encyclopedia}}</ref> Više od 15 vrsta faune su endemske za regiju.<ref>[http://www.goodlife.org.ua/images/Attach/kinb_pers_zbal_rozv.pdf Kinb Pers Zbal Rozv] {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> Kinburnsko područje dio je prirodnih migracijskih ruta mnogih vrsta ptica, gdje se koncentriraju, gnijezde i zimuju. Zaljev Yagorlitsky, s otocima, predjelima i kopnenim jezerima, smatra se močvarama od međunarodnog značaja.<ref>[http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist.pdf Ramsar wetlands list] ''www.ramsar.org''</ref>

== Izvori ==
{{izvori}}

== Vanjske poveznice ==
{{Commonscat|Kinburn sandbar}}
* [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CI%5CKinburnSpit.htm Kinburn Spit] u [[Enciklopedija Ukrajine|Enciklopediji Ukrajine]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150622092328/http://duecomk.gov.ua/data/files/pzf_kinburn.doc Opis (ukr.)]
* [http://www.viche.info/journal/641/ Odluka o dobivanju statusa regionalnog parka.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121104003130/http://kinburn.org/?page_id=31 Službena web stranica parka Kinburn Foreland]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103233250/http://kinburn.org/?page_id=22 Publikacije parka Kinburn Foreland]
[[Kategorija:Pješčani sprudovi u Crnom moru]]
[[Kategorija:Ukrajinski poluotoci u Crnom moru]]
[[Kategorija:Pješčani sprudovi u Ukrajini]]