Vidi kôd stranice Holokaust

{{Infookvir napad na civile
| naslov            = Holokaust
| dio               = [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]]
| slika             = Arbeit-macht-frei3.jpg
| velicina_slike    = 300px
| alt               = 
| opis              = Slogan ''[[Arbeit macht frei]]'' koji se nalazio na ulazima mnogih [[Nacistički koncentracijski logori|nacističkih koncentracijskih logora]]
| karta             = 
| velicina_karte    = 
| karta_alt         = 
| opis_karte        = 
| lokacija          = [[Treći Reich]] i europske države pod nacističkom okupacijom
| meta              = 
| koordinate        = 
| datum             = [[1941.]] – [[1945.]]
| vremenska_zona    = 
| vrsta             = sistematski [[genocid]], [[masovno ubojstvo]] i [[etničko čišćenje]]
| mrtvih            = c. 6 milijuna [[Židovi|Židova]]
| ranjenih          = 
| zrtve             = <!-- ili | zrtva  = -->
| pocinitelji       = <!-- ili | pocinitelj = --> <!-- kratica: | pocin = ili | poc = -->
| napadaci          = <!-- ili | napadac = -->
| osumnjicenici     = <!-- ili | osumnjicenik = -->
| oružje            = 
| brojpocin         = <!-- ako jedan | brojpoc = -->
| branitelji        = <!-- ili | branitelj = -->
| motiv             = [[antisemitizam]], [[rasizam]]
| istraga           = 
| mrtvozornik       = 
| webstranica       = 
| module            = 
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}}
[[Datoteka:Yellowbadge logo.svg|mini|150px|Žuta »židovska zvijezda« ([[Njemački jezik|njem.]] ''Judenstern''), koju su Židovi morali nositi u [[Treći Reich|Trećem Reichu]]]]
'''Holokaust''' ili '''šoa''' ([[Hebrejski jezik|heb.]] הַשׁוֹאָה‎, ''HaShoah'' – u prijevodu: »katastrofa«), nazivi su za sistematski državni [[progon]] i [[genocid]] nad različitim etničkim, vjerskim i političkim skupinama ljudi tijekom [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]] od strane [[Treći Reich|Velikonjemačkog Reicha]] i njegovih suradnika.<ref>{{harvnb|Snyder|2010|pp=389, 413|loc=chpt. ''[https://books.google.ca/books?id=ks0WBQAAQBAJ&q=Holocaust+genocide Numbers and Terms]''}}.<br />Further examples of this usage can be found in: {{harvnb|Bauer|2002}}, {{harvnb|Cesarani|2004}}, {{harvnb|Dawidowicz|1981}}, {{harvnb|Evans|2002}}, {{harvnb|Gilbert|1986}}, {{harvnb|Hilberg|1996}}, {{harvnb|Longerich|2012}}, {{harvnb|Phayer|2000}}, {{harvnb|Zuccotti|1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jager|first=Elliot|url=http://magazine.foi.org/articles/inside-yad-vashem/|title=Inside Yad Vashem|work=A Zionist memorial to the victims of Hitler’s war against the Jews|year=2016|access-date=26. veljače 2017|archive-date=2. svibnja 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502211304/http://magazine.foi.org/articles/inside-yad-vashem/|url-status=dead}}</ref> U ranim primjerima holokausta uključuju se progoni tijekom [[Kristalna noć|''»Kristalne noći«'']] i eutanazijski program [[Akcija T4|''»Akcija T4«'']], što se kasnije razvilo u upotrebu odreda smrti i [[Nacistički koncentracijski logori|koncentracijskih logora]], kao i masovne i centralno organizirane pokušaje da se usmrti svaki mogući pripadnik skupina na koje su ciljali nacisti.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion |url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/resource_center/the_holocaust.asp |website=yadvashem.org |publisher=[[Yad Vashem]] |accessdate=26. lipnja 2015 |archive-date=28. travnja 2020. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428112310/https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/resource_center/the_holocaust.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Žrtve obuhvaćaju i [[Djeca u holokaustu|1,5 milijuna djece]]. Holokaustom je obuhvaćeno oko dvije trećine od devet milijuna Židova koji su ranije živjeli u kontinentalnoj Europi. Šira definicija holokausta obuhvata i nežidovske žrtve nacističke kampanje [[Masovno ubojstvo|masovnog ubojstva]],{{sfn|Gerlach|2016|p=14}} na bazi bioloških faktora, kao što su npr. [[Romi]], [[Poljaci]] i druge [[Slaveni|slavenske etničke skupine]], i pacijenti [[Akcija T4|Akcije T4]] koji su bili mentalno i fizički onesposobljeni.{{sfn |Niewyk |Nicosia|2000|pp=45, 51–52}} Jedna šira definicija obuhvata i Ruse, ratne zatočenike, homoseksualce, Jehovine svjedoke, crnce, disidente i političke protivnike nacista, te članove drugih manjinskih skupina.

Od 1941. do 1945. nad Židovima sistematski su izvršeni [[genocid]]i, što je bio dio šire inicijative koja je obuhvaćala progone i ubojstva drugih naroda Europe. Pod koordinacijom [[Schutzstaffel|Schutzstaffela (SS)]], s uputama iz najvišeg rukovodstva [[Nacionalsocijalistička njemačka radnička stranka|Nacionalsocijalističke njemačke radničke stranke (NSDAP)]], svaka grana birokracije u tadašnjoj Njemačkoj bila je uključena u logistiku i provođenje masovnog ubijanja. Ubojstva su počinjena u cijeloj Europi pod njemačkom okupacijom, kao i u samoj nacističkoj Njemačkoj, a također su počinjena i na svim [[Sile Osovine|područjima pod upravom njezinih saveznika]]. Druge žrtve nacističkih zločina su [[Poljaci]], [[Ukrajinci]], i drugi [[Slaveni|slavenski narodi]]; sovjetski građani i sovjetski ratni zatočenici; [[Komunizam|komunisti]]; [[Homoseksualnost|homoseksualci]]; [[Jehovini svjedoci]] i drugi. Oko 42.500 pritvornih ustanova je korišteno u koncentraciji žrtava s ciljem počinjavanja najgrubljih kršenja [[Ljudska prava|ljudskih prava]]. Procjenjuje se da je bilo preko 200.000 počinitelja holokausta.

Europski [[Židovi]] bili su glavne žrtve holokausta, a plan za sustavni genocid nad Židovima nacisti su nazivali ''»[[Konačno rješenje|konačnim rješenjem židovskog pitanja]]«''. Kao [[posljedice Drugog svjetskog rata]], pa i samog holokausta, prvo je došlo do [[Nürnberški proces|sudskih procesa u Nürnbergu]], tijekom kojih je istaknutim nacistima suđeno za zločine tijekom rata. Kao kulturna revolucija, došlo je i do [[Denacifikacija|denacifikacije]] ([[njemački jezik|njem.]] ''Entnazifizierung''), te do [[Dogovor o reparacijama između Izraela i Zapadne Njemačke|dogovora o reparacijama između Izraela i Zapadne Njemačke]]. Tijekom procesa u [[Nürnberg]]u došlo je i do [[poricanje Holokausta|poricanja holokausta]], kojim su neki od suđenih htjeli umanjivati holokaust ili prikazati ga kao »opravdano djelo«.

== Etimologija i definicija ==
=== Porijeklo izraza ===
[[Datoteka:Buchenwald Ohrdruf Corpses 76891.jpg|mini|Trupla žrtava KL Buchenwald, 1945.]]
''Holokaust'' ([[grčki jezik|grčki]] ''olokauston'': »potpuno spaljen«, od prefiksa ''olo'' i ''kauston'', »spaljen«) je žrtva paljenica bogovima ili dušama pokojnika kod Grka i Rimljana, pri kojoj se obično (za razliku od drugih tipova žrtava) spaljivala cijela žrtvena životinja. Kod starih [[Izrael]]aca postojao je analogni obred spaljivanja cijelog [[janje]]ta (hebrejski ''olam kalil'': »uništenje ognjem«).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Whitney|editor-first=William Dwight |year=1904|title=Holocaust |encyclopedia=[[Century Dictionary|The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia]] |volume=4 |p=2859 |url=https://archive.org/stream/centurydictio04whit#page/2858/mode/2up |accessdate = 1. lipnja 2016}}</ref>

Riječ ''holokaust'' prvi je za taj genocid (koji sami [[Židovi]] označavaju hebrejskom izrazi šoa; ''HaShoah'' – u prijevodu: »katastrofa«) upotrebio crkveni sabor protestantskih crkava tadašnje Zapadne Njemačke. Postepeno je ušao u opću upotrebu i danas je to osnovno značenje izraza. Upotrebljen je zbog posebnog značaja i intenziteta mržnje prema Židova i ideološke osude [[Judaizam|judaizma]], koja se izdvaja od postupaka prema drugim nacističkim žrtvama, a ima svoje duboke korijene u zapadnoj civilizaciji ([[antisemitizam]]). Termin je postepeno ušao u opžu upotrebu u raznim jezicima do [[1970-ih]] godina. 

Postoje razlike u opsegu primjene pojma. U širem značenju, obuhvata i genocid nad [[Romi]]ma i [[Slaveni]]ma, kao i ubijanje drugih skupina (homoseksualci, duševni i fizički bolesnici, politički protivnici, poljski i sovjetski ratnih zatočenici, Jehovini svjedoci itd.){{sfn|Gerlach|2016|p=14}}<ref>{{harvnb|Snyder|2010|p=384}}; {{harvnb|Fitzgerald|2011|p=4}}; {{harvnb|Hedgepeth|Saidel|2010|p=16}}; {{harvnb|Evans|2015|loc=The Anatomy of Hell}}</ref> koje je [[Treći Reich|nacionalsocijalistička država]] provodila.

=== Definicija ===
Restriktivna definicija holokausta je [[genocid]] Židova od strane nacista.{{sfn|Snyder|2010|p=412-413}}{{sfn|Bauer|2002|pp=10–11}}{{efn|Dalji primjeri obuhvaćaju Ben Kiernan u ''Blood and Soil'',{{sfn|Kiernan|2009|p=454}} Stevea Atkinsa u ''Holocaust Denial as an International Movement'',{{sfn|Atkins|2009|p=11}} Susan Zuccotti u 'The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews'',{{sfn|Zuccotti|1993|p=5}} Richarda Evansa u ''Lying About Hitler'',{{sfn|Evans|2002|p=104}} Martina Gilberta u ''The Holocaust'',{{sfn|Gilbert|1985|p=18}} i Adama Jonesa u ''Genocide''.{{sfn|Jones|2006|p=147}} }} Šira definicija holokausta obuhvata neke ili sve nežidovske žrtve njemačkih kampanja [[masovno ubojstvo|masovnog ubojstva]]. ''Kolumbijski vodič za holokaust'' ograničava definiciju holokausta na Židove, [[Genocid nad Romima|Rome]] i pacijente [[Akcija T4|Akcije T4]] koji su bili mentalni i fizički invalidi. Njeni autori pišu: »sve tri grupe, i samo te grupe, bile su jednake žrtve [[Nacizam i rasa|nacističkog rasizma]] i genocida«.{{sfn|Niewyk|Nicosia|2000|pp=45, 51–52}} Oni isto tako nude tri dodatne definicije koje obuhvaćaju gledišta povjesničara koji identificiraju nekoliko dodatnih skupina žrtava. Jedna je da se holokaust odnosi samo na Židove, druga je da je bilo nekoliko različitih holokausta, svaki od kojih je pogađao zasebnu skupina ljudi, a treća obuhvata sve rasistički motivirane zločine nacista.{{sfn|Niewyk|Nicosia|2000|pp=51–52}} [[Timothy D. Snyder]] napisao je: »Termin holokaust se ponekad koristi na dva različita načina: da označava sve njemačke politike ubijanja tijekom rata, ili da označava sve represije Židova od strane nacističkog režima«.{{sfn|Snyder|2010|p=412}}

Šira definicija takozvanog »paralelnog holokausta« obuhvata sovjetske ratne zatočenike koji su preminuli kao rezultat zlostavljanja uzrokovanog nacističkom rasnom politikom,{{sfn|Niewyk|Nicosia|2000|pp=48–49}} nežidovske pripadnike Poljaka koji su umirali od jako loših uvjeta koji su nastali zbog nacističke okupacije Poljske, sovjetske građane koji su umirali zbog sličnih uvjeta u okupiranim dijelovima [[Sovjetski Savez|Sovjetskog Saveza]],{{sfn |Niewyk |Nicosia|2000|pp=49–50}} mentalno i fizički nesposobne ljude koji su ubijani u okviru [[Akcija T4|programa eutanazije]] Velikonjemačkog Reicha,{{sfn| Niewyk|Nicosia|2000|p=48}} Rome, ili Romd i Sinte,{{sfn|Niewyk|Nicosia|2000|pp=47–48}} homoseksualce, Jehovine svjedoke i druge vjerske disidente.{{sfn|Niewyk|Nicosia|2000|pp=50–51}}

== Distinktivna svojstva ==
[[Datoteka:WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png|mini|upright=1.5|Karta [[geto|geta]] u Europi u kojima su Židovi bili zatvarani prije slanja u [[Logor smrti|logore smrti]].]]

=== »Genocidna država« ===
Cjelokupno tadašnje njemačko društvo bilo je uključeno u aktivnosti vezane za genocid, pretvarajući Treći Reich u ono što je jedan istraživač holokausta, [[Michael Berenbaum]], nazvao »genocidnom državom«.{{sfn|Berenbaum|2006|p=103}} Birokrati su učestvovali u pronalaženju evidencije za identifikaciju Židova, konfiskaciju imovine i planiranje rasporeda vlakova kojima su deportirani Židovi. Tvrtke su otpuštale židovske radnike, a kasnije zapošljavale Židove kao [[Robovlasništvo|robovsku]] radnu snagu. Sa sveučilišta su isključivali studente i profesore židovskog porijekla. Njemačke farmaceutske tvrtke su testirale lijekove na zatočenicima; druge tvrtke su gradile [[krematorij]]e.{{sfn|Berenbaum|2006|p=103}} Pri ulazu zatočenika u logore smrti, bilo im je naređeno da predaju svu osobnu svojinu, koja je bila popisana i označena prije nego što je poslana u Njemačku za ponovnu upotrebu ili recikliranje.{{sfn|Arad|1987|pp=154–159}} Putem [[Max Heiliger|lažnih računa]], Njemačka nacionalna banka pomogla je u [[Pranje novca|pranju dragocjenosti]] oduzetih žrtvama.{{sfn|Fischel|p=167}}

[[Saul Friedländer]] piše da: »ni jedna društvena skupina, ni jedna vjerska zajednica, ni jedna znanstvena institucija ili profesionalna asocijacija u Njemačkoj i širom Europom nije proglasila svoju solidarnost sa Židovima«{{sfn |Friedländer|2007|p=xxi}} On piše da su neke kršćanske Crkve »deklarirale da bi i konvertirane Židove trebalo promatrati kao dio stada, ali čak i tada s rezervom«.{{sfn|Friedländer|2007|p=xxi}} Friedländer tvrdi da to čini holokaust posebnim, budući da se [[Antisemitizam|antisemitska]] politika mogla »provoditi do njenih najekstremnijih nivoa bez uplitanja bilo kakvih značajnih kompenzacijskih gledišta«.{{sfn|Friedländer|2007|p=xxi}}

=== Ideologija i skala ===
Povjesničar [[Yehuda Bauer|Bauer Jehuda]] tvrdi da je holokaust bio zasnovan na ideologiji i mitovima, a ne na praktičnim razmatranjima.{{sfn|Bauer|2002|p=48}} [[Eberhard Jäckel]] tvrdi da je jedno posebno svojstvo holokausta bilo da je prvi put neka država stavila svoju punu moć iza deklaracije da cijeli narod treba da bude potpuno izbrisan bez izuzetka i to što je prije moguće.{{sfn|Maier|1988|p=53}}

Ubojstva su sistematski sprovođena u gotovo svim područjima okupirane Europe, u više od 20 okupiranih zemalja.{{sfn|United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|1996|p=7}} Ubijeno je skoro 3 milijuna Židova u okupiranoj Poljskoj i između 700.000 i 2,5 milijuna Židova u [[Savez Sovjetskih Socijalističkih Republika|Sovjetskom Savezu]]. Stotine tisuća drugih Židova ubijeno je u ostalim dijelovima Europe pod njemačkom okupacijom.{{sfn|Crowe|2008|p=447}} Iz rasprava na [[Konferencija u Wannseeu|konferencije u Wannseeu]] jasno je da je nacističko »konačno rješenje židovskog pitanja« obuhvaćalo i [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] i sve neutralne države Europe, kao što su [[Irska]], [[Švicarska]], [[Turska]], [[Švedska]], [[Portugal]] i [[Španjolska]].{{sfn|Gilbert|2001|p=289}} Procjenjuje se da je bilo preko 200.000 počinilaca holokausta.{{sfn|Stone|2011|p=109}}

=== Industrijalizirano ubijanje ===
{{glavni|Logor smrti}}

Upotreba koncentracijskih logora ili logora smrti, opremljenih plinskim komorama za sistematsko masovno istrebljenje ljudi, bila je jedinstvena karakteristika holokausta. Izgrađeni su za sistematsku svrhu ubijanja milijuna ljudi, prije svega pomoću [[Ciklon B|otrovnih plinova]].{{sfn|Gellately|Stoltzfus|2001|p=216}} Stacionarni objekti koji su izgrađeni u svrhu masovnog istrebljenja rezultat su ranijeg nacističkog eksperimentiranja s otrovnim plinom tijekom tajnog [[akcija T4|programa eutanazije ]] mentalnih pacijenata.<ref name="Gassing">{{cite web | url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005220 | title=Gassing Operations | publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] | date = 20. lipnja 2014 | accessdate = 25. siječnja 2015 | work=Holocaust Encyclopedia}}</ref>

== Provođenje holokausta u nacističkoj Njemačkoj ==

=== Od 1933. do 1942.===
 
[[Datoteka:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1972-033-39, Magdeburg, zerstörtes jüdisches Geschäft.jpg|mini|Trgovina dječje obuće židovskog vlasnika u [[Magdeburg]]u, koja je uništena tijekom »[[Kristalna noć|Kristalne noći]]«, studenoga 1938.]]
Ubrzo nakon preuzimanja vlasti u [[Njemačka|Njemačkoj]], [[nacizam|nacisti]] počinju ostvarivanje jednog od svojih najvažnijih programskih ciljeva: iskorijeniti svaki utjecaj [[Židovi|Židova]] u njemačkoj politici, ekonomiji i kulturi. Antižidovska kampanja pokrenuta je preko [[radio|radija]] i [[novine|novina]], a u svim školama i na fakultetima uvedeno je pseudoznastveno "učenje o rasama" kao obavezni predmet ''(vidi članak [[rasizam]])''. Donesen je niz antižidovskih propisa, koji kulminiraju proglašenjem [[Nürnberški zakoni|Nürnberških zakona]] (''Zakon o građanima Carstva'' i ''Zakon o zaštiti njemačke krvi i njemačke časti'') [[15. rujna]] [[1935.]], Židovi gube njemačko državljanstvo; ne smiju obavljati nikakvu javnu službu (što naročito pogađa intelektualce: znanstvenike, profesore, liječnike, odvjetnike, novinare itd.), niti njihova djeca mogu pohađati javne škole; zabranjen je boravak Židova na javnim mjestima (parkovi, knjižnice, muzeji i dr.); zabranjeno je sklapanje [[brak]]a između ''[[Arijska rasa|Arijaca]]'' i Židova kao i seksualni odnosi; zabranjeno je zapošljavanje Arijaca u kućanstvima Židova, itd. 

Ti će zakoni biti kasnije primijenjeni u svim pripojenim zemljama i okupiranim područjima, pa tako i u [[NDH]] ''(vidi članak [[Holokaust u NDH]])''. Pod njemačkim pritiskom i [[Italija]] je [[1938.]] godine uvela antižidovsko zakonodavstvo. Mjere protiv Židova poduzimaju pod njemačkim pritiskom i zemlje istočne Europe; izuzetak je [[Čehoslovačka]], koju međutim Njemačka zaposjeda [[1938.]] – [[1939.]]

Velik broj Židova emigrirao je iz tih država. U Njemačkoj je [[1933.]] živjelo oko 500.000 Židova, od kojih je do [[1939.]] oko 300.000 emigriralo. Na inicijativu predsjednika [[SAD]]-a [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|F. D. Roosevelt]]a održana je ljeti [[1938.]], međunarodna konferencije o izbjeglicama u Evianu u [[Švicarska|Švicarskoj]], ali nije dala rezultate: nijedna zemlja nije otvorila svoja vrata židovskim izbjeglicama. Mnogi od njih naseljavaju se u [[Palestina|Palestinu]]. Međutim, u srpnju [[1939.]] britanska vlada, suočena s otporom [[Arapi|Arapa]], ograničava useljavanje Židova u Palestinu na samo 15.000 u sljedećih pet godina. 

Ubojstvo njemačkog konzula u [[Pariz]]u u studenome [[1938.]], poslužilo je nacistima kao povod za masovne nasilne akcije i odvođenje u logore ([[Kristalna noć]]).
[[Datoteka:Aerial photograph of the destroyed Warsaw Ghetto.jpg|[[Varšavski geto]]|alt=|mini|220x220px]]
Obavezno nošenje oznake na odjeći propisano je prvo za Židove u Poljskoj u studenom [[1939.]], a kasnije i u Njemačkoj i drugim državama. Židovi su ponovo smješteni u posebne izolirane dijelove gradova ([[geto|geta]]), od kojih je najveći bio u [[Varšava|Varšavi]]; tamo je došlo i do jedinog organiziranog i masovnog otpora Židova ''(vidi članak [[Varšavski geto]])''. 

U jesen [[1941.]] počela je realizacija plana, da se svi Židovi iz Njemačke i zaposjednutih područja srednje i zapadne [[Europa|Europe]] deportiraju na istok. Židovi su prikupljani i transportirani [[vlak]]om u stočnim vagonima; tisuće su pritom umrle. Taj je plan ubrzo bio zaustavljen odlukom o »[[Konačno rješenje|konačnom rješenju]]«.

=== Otpor antižidovskim mjerama ===
[[Datoteka:Oskar Schindler.jpg|mini|180px|lijevo|[[Oskar Schindler]]]]
Otpor ovim mjerama postojao je u mnogim zaposjednutim zemljama. Najsnažniji je bio u [[Danska|Danskoj]], gdje je nakon prvih protužidovskih mjera sam kralj na radiju izjavio da će osobno staviti židovsku zvijezdu, ako bilo koji građanin njegove zemlje na to bude prisiljen. Kada su [[1943.]], Nijemci uveli svoju direktnu upravu nad zemljom i naredili uhićenje svih ''nearijaca'', organizirano je potajno prebacivanje Židova [[brod]]ovima u [[Švedska|Švedsku]], tako da su gotovo svi spašeni. 

U [[Nizozemska|Nizozemskoj]] je u veljači [[1941.]] organiziran generalni štrajk, da bi se spriječile deportacije Židova. U [[Italija|Italiji]] je bio snažan otpor progonu Židova, pa su čak prihvaćane izbjeglice iz [[Francuska|Francuske]] i s [[Balkan]]a; tako se spasilo nekoliko tisuća izbjeglica iz [[NDH]]. [[Bugarska]] nije deportirala nijednog Židova, a također ni [[Finska]]. U [[Austrija|Austriji]], pripojenoj Njemačkom carstvu [[1938.]], bilo je mnogo prosvjeda protiv postupka prema Židovim i apela da se pojedinci izuzmu. 

U istočnim zemljama, gdje je [[Nacizam|nacistički]] okupacijski režim bio mnogo stroži ([[Slaveni]] su smatrani inferiornom rasom, pogodnom samo za roblje), takva vrsta organiziranog i masovnog otpora nije bila moguća. Pojedinci su pružali otpor provedbi antižidovskih mjera ilegalno spašavajući pojedine Židove, za što je simbol postao [[Oskar Schindler]]; [[Izrael]] je kasnije za takve pojedince uveo priznanje [[Pravednik među narodima]]. Također su takvu pomoć pružali organizirani [[antifašizam|antifašistički]] pokreti otpora u raznim zemljama. Tako je bilo i u Hrvatskoj.

=== »Konačno rješenje« ===
{{glavni|Konačno rješenje|Konferencija u Wannseeu}}
[[Datoteka:Auschwitz II-Birkenau gate, after 1945.jpg|mini|Glavni ulaz u [[Koncentracijski logor Auschwitz|Auschwitz]], nakon 1945.]]
[[Datoteka:Mass Grave at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp - Fritz Klein - IWM BU4260.jpg|mini|Trupla žrtava u masovnoj grobnici [[Sabirni logor Bergen-Belsen|koncentracijskog logora Bergen-Belsen]], travnja [[1945.]]]]
Uspjeh vojnog pohoda na [[SSSR]] potakao je naciste na odluku, da se umjesto ranije planirane deportacije na istok provede »[[konačno rješenje]] židovsko pitanja«, tj. fizička likvidacija svih Židova u Europi. Plan je na tajnoj konferenciji u Berlin-Wannseeu [[20. siječnja]] [[1942.]], ([[Konferencija u Wannseeu]]) izložio SS-Obergruppenführer [[Reinhard Heyndrich]], šef Sigurnosne policije i Sigurnosne službe. On je bio osobno od [[Adolf Hitler|Hitlera]] ovlašten da provede taj plan; svim državnim službama bilo je naređeno, da sudjeluju u istrebljenju pod vodstvom [[SS]]-a. Određeno je da svi nesposobni za rad trebaju biti odmah ubijeni, a drugi odvedeni na prisilni rad pod minimalnim životnim uvjetima sve, dok ne umru od iscrpljenosti. Kao oblik masovnih likvidacija naređeno je ubijanje [[plin]]om i strijeljanje. Nakon Heyndrichove pogibije (u atentatu u [[Češka|Češkoj]]) provođenje plana preuzeo je [[Adolf Eichmann]].

Na temelju te odluke osnovani su posebni [[koncentracijski logori]] te [[logor smrti|logori smrti]]. Dok su u koncentracijskim (sabirnim) logorima zatvorenici radili, jedina funkcija logora smrti je bilo sustavno istrebljivanje zatvorenika, najčešće uz pomoć visoko sofisticirane organizacije (primjerice, postojale su jedinice zatvorenika koje bi se brinule da krematorij neprekidno pali leševe). Logori smrti osnivani su ponajviše na području okupirane [[Poljska|Poljske]]: [[Auschwitz]] (Oswiencim), Birkenau (Brzezinka), Treblinka, Mauthausen, Majdanek, Sobibor, Izbica i drugi. Kada je sovjetska vojska tijekom 1944., zaposjela Poljsku, likvidacije su nastavljene u logorima na njemačkom tlu: Dachau, Bergen-Belsen i Buchenwald. U rujnu 1944., [[Heinrich Himmler]] izdaje naređenje, da se prestane s likvidacijama. Međutim, do oslobađanja logora koje su izveli Saveznici, još su desetine tisuća umrle u logorima od gladi i zaraza.

[[Datoteka:Flag Schutzstaffel.svg|mini|lijevo|200px|Znak [[SS]]-a]]
Dio deportiranih, najčešće žene, djeca i starci, pri dolasku u logore je odmah ubijen, dok je dio privremeno ostavljen na [[život]]u kao robovska radna snaga; dio bi umro od iscprljenosti, a ostali su kasnije također ubijeni. U prvo su vrijeme žrtve, ako ih nisu strijeljali na stotine i tisuće, ubijane pomoću ispušnih plinova [[kamion]]a u vožnji: pedesetak bi bilo nabijeno u hermetički zatvoren prostor u koji je bila prespojena ispušna cijev, tako da bi se svi pogušili. Kasnije je masovno ubijanje usavršeno: tvrka DEGESCH – ''Njemačko društvo za borbu protiv štetočina'' – isporučivala je brzodjelujući plin [[ciklon B]]. Pomoću ovog plina krvnici iz [[SS]]-a organizirali su "racionalno" masovno ubijanje u željezničkim vagonima ili u prostorijama kamufliranim kao kupaonice s tuševima. To je omogućavalo da se prevarene žrtve same svuku pa su im tako oduzete i odjeća i razne sitnice, koje su još posjedovali. Nakon smrti, prije bacanja u peći za spaljivanje, čupani su zlatni [[zubi]]. Od zubnih proteza, nakita i prstenja dobiveno je 17 tona [[zlato|zlata]].

Uz ubijanje u logorima, sustavno istrebljenje [[Židovi|Židova]] i drugih provodile su posebne jedinice, tzv. ''SS-Einsatzgruppen'', organizirane u sastavu svake pojedine njemačke armije za djelovanje u pozadini; u njima su sudjelovali i [[litva]]nski, [[Latvija|latvijski]], [[Bjelorusija|bjeloruski]] i [[Ukrajina|ukrajinski]] pomoćni policajci. Osim odvođenja i likividacije u logorima, organizirali su i pojedinačna i masovna strijeljanja na raznim mjestima.

Cijeli je proces, nakon spomenute Heyndrichove pogibije, bio u nadležnosti [[Adolf Eichmann|Adolfa Eichmanna]], koji je pokazao velike organizacijske sposobnosti i bitno doprinio da ubijanje ide sve brže i sve efikasnije. Bez obzira na njegove napore, Holokaust je s vremenom ipak počeo crpiti velike logističke resurse Reicha i tako posredno utjecati na situaciju na bojnom polju. To je, po nekim ocjenama, bio jedan od razloga zašto zapadni saveznici i [[SSSR]], iako su raspolagali podacima o tome što se događa, nisu uložili bitne napore u cilju zaustavljanja Holokausta, koji se nastavio sve do samog kraja rata, odnosno sloma nacističke Njemačke.

=== Holokaust u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj (NDH) ===
U [[Koncentracijski logor Jasenovac|Jasenovcu]], jedinom logoru smrti u Europi koji nije bio pod njemačkom upravom, ubijeno je između 70.000 i 100.000 zatočenika.<ref>[https://enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=32708 koncentracijski logori.] [[Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK)|Hrvatska enciklopedija]], mrežno izdanje. [[Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža]], 2021. pristupljeno 27. siječnja 2022.</ref>

=== Holokaust u Srbiji ===
Osobine [[logor smrti|logora smrti]] imao je i [[Sabirni logor Sajmište|logor Sajmište]] kraj [[Beograd]]a, koji je bio pod njemačkom upravom. Jedan od spomenutih kamiona, čija je ispušna cijev bila spojena tako, da ubija ljude u tovarnom prostoru, vozio je i kroz Beograd.

== Posljedice ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; clear:right; text-align:right; margin-left:1.5em; font-size:95%"
|+ Tablica profesora [[David M. Crowe]]{{sfn|Crowe|2008|p=447}}
|-
! Država !! Broj Židova<br />(prije rata) !! Broj žrtava<br/>holokausta
|-
| [[Albanija]]   ||              || 200 – 591 
|-
| [[Austrija]] || 185.000 – 192.000 || 48.767 – 65.000 
|-
| [[Belgija]] || 55.000 – 70.000 || 24.000 – 29.902 
|-
| [[Češka (povijesna pokrajina)|Češka]] i [[Moravska]] || 92.000 – 118.310 || 78.150 – 80.000 
|-
| [[Bugarska]] ||50.000 || 7.335 
|-
| [[Danska]] || 7.500–7.800 || 60 – 116 
|-
| [[Estonija]] || 4.500 || 1.500 – 2.000 
|-
| [[Finska]] || 2.000 || 0 (7–8 stranih državljana izručeno Njemačkoj)
|-
| [[Francuska]] || 330.000 – 350.000 || 73.320 – 90.000 
|-
| [[Njemačka]] <small>(1933.)</small> || 523.000 – 525.000 || 130.000 – 160.000 
|-
| [[Grčka]] || 77.380 || 58.443 – 67.000 
|-
| [[Mađarska]] || 725.000 – 825.000 || 200.000 – 569.000 
|-
| [[Italija]] || 42.500 – 44.500 || 5.596 – 9.000 
|-
| [[Latvija]] || 91.500 – 95.000 || 60.000 – 85.000 
|-
| [[Litva]] || 168.000 || 130.000 – 200.000 
|-
| [[Luksemburg]] || 3.800  || 720 – 2.000 
|-
| [[Nizozemska]] || 140.000 || 98.800 – 120.000 
|-
| [[Norveška]]   || 1.700 – 1.800 || 758 – 1.000 
|-
| [[Poljska]] || 3.300.000 – 3.500.000 || 2.700.000 – 3.000.000 
|-
| [[Rumunjska]] <small>(1930.)</small> || 756.000 || 270.000 – 287.000 
|-
| [[Slovačka]] || 136.000 || 68.000 – 100.000 
|-
| [[Sovjetski Savez]] || 3.020.000 || 700.000 – 2.500.000 
|-
| [[Jugoslavija]] || 78.000 – 82.242 || 51.400 – 67.438 
|-
| '''Ukupno'''   || 9.702.930 – 10.169.332 ||4.707.056 – 7.442.390 
|}
Holokaust je iza sebe ostavio trajne posljedice. Računa se da je u njemu ubijeno 5,29 do 6 milijuna Židova,<ref>[http://www.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/faqs/answers/faq_3.html FAQs. The Holocaust Resource Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127092400/https://www.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/faqs/answers/faq_3.html |date=27. siječnja 2022. }}, [[Yad Vashem]], yadvashem.org, pristupljeno 27. siječnja 2021.</ref> odnosno trećina svih Židova koji su prije rata živjeli u [[svijet]]u. Demografska slika u [[Europa|Europi]] se bitno promijenila, pogotovo u Istočnoj i Središnjoj Europi, gdje su židovske zajednice prestale postojati. Najveći dio preživjelih je odlučio emigrirati u [[SAD]], odnosno u [[Palestina|Palestinu]], gdje je stvorena židovska nacionalna država [[Izrael]].

[[Romi]] su druga grupa koja je bila objekt [[genocid]]a. Broj njihovih žrtava teško je procijeniti: iznose se brojke između 220.000 i 800.000, što iznosi između četvrtine i polovice njihovog ukupnog broja u Europi. 

Sa svim drugim grupama koje su sustavno istrebljivane, broj žrtava holokausta (u širem smislu riječi, ne uključujući samo Židove) obično se procjenjuje na devet do 11 milijuna, iako neke procjene idu i do 26 milijuna.

Slično kao i [[Prvi svjetski rat]], Holokaust je predstavljao veliki šok za tadašnju zapadnu civilizaciju. Mnogi su se teško mirili s time da je ubijanje u takvom opsegu i s takvom razinom bešćutnosti moguće u [[20. stoljeće|20. stoljeću]], pogotovo kada je izvršeno u tako naprednoj, prosvijećenoj i civiliziranoj državi kao što je [[Njemačka]]. Još se teže bilo pomiriti s činjenicom, da su u svrhu tog projekta korištena najmodernija dostignuća [[znanost]]i. 

Zato se Holokaust često opisuje kao jedinstveni događaj u svjetskoj povijesti, odnosno odgovornost za njega se pripisuje ograničenom broju ljudi – najčešće samom [[Adolf Hitler|Adolfu Hitleru]] i uskom krugu njegovih pristaša – i specifičnom spletu okolnosti za koje je malo vjerojatno, da će se ikada ponoviti. Iznose se međutim i teze da Holokaust ne bi bio moguć, barem ne u tako masovnom opsegu, da nacisti nisu uživali prešutnu ili otvorenu podršku nežidovskog stanovništva, čak i u okupiranim zemljama poput [[Poljska|Poljske]], motiviranu pohlepom i otvorenim ili latentnim [[Antisemitizam|antisemitizmom]].

=== Dan sjećanja ===
''[[Dan sjećanja na holokaust]]'' danas se obilježava u [[SAD]]-u i u svim europskim državama. Veliki značaj ima ''United States Holocaust Memorial Museum'' otvoren u [[Washington]]u u travnju [[1993.]], na dan početka ustanka u [[Varšavski geto|Varšavskom getu]].

== Bilješke ==
{{notelist}}

== Izvori ==
{{izvori}}

=== Citirana bibliografija ===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last=Atkins|first=Stephen E. |year=2009|title=Holocaust Denial as an International Movement |publisher=Praeger |location=Westport, CT |isbn=978-0-313-34538-8}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last=Bauer|first=Yehuda|year=1982|title=A History of the Holocaust|url= https://archive.org/details/historyofholocau00yehu|location=New York|publisher=Franklin Watts}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last=Cesarani|first=David|year=2004|title=Holocaust: From the Persecution of the Jews to Mass Murder|location=London|publisher=Routledge}}
* {{cite book|last=Dawidowicz|first=Lucy S.|title=The War Against the Jews, 1933-1945|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=V7l8Vy5gn-kC|year=1986|publisher=Bantam Books|isbn=978-0-553-34532-2}}
* {{cite journal|last=Evans|first=Richard J.|author-mask=3 |year=2015|title=The Anatomy of Hell |work=The New York Review of Books |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2015/jul/09/concentration-camps-anatomy-hell/?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NYR+Nazi+camps+Astrid+Lindgren+New+York+police+photographs&utm_content=NYR+Nazi+camps+Astrid+Lindgren+New+York+police+photographs+CID_47ff9b6073315e90ae879838894bcef1&utm_source=Email%20marketing%20software&utm_term=The%20Anatomy%20of%20Hell}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last=Fitzgerald|first=Stephanie|year=2011|title=Children of the Holocaust|location=Mankato, MN|publisher=Compass Point Books}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last=Gerlach| first=Christian | title=The extermination of the European Jews | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |year=2016|isbn=978-0-521-70689-6 }}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last=Gilbert|first=Martin |year=1986|title=The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy | url = https://archive.org/details/holocaustjewisht0000gilb |location=London |publisher=Collins}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1=Hedgepeth|first1=Sonja M.|last2=Saidel|first2=Rochelle G.|year=2010|title=Sexual Violence against Jewish Women During the Holocaust|location=Lebanon, NH|publisher=University Press of New England}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last=Hilberg|first= Raul|year=1961|title= The Destruction of the European Jews |edition= First, of three, |location= Chicago |publisher=Quadrangle (Times Books)|isbn=978-0300095579}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Adam|year=2010|title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction|edition=2nd|location=Abingdon|publisher=Routledge}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last=Kiernan|first=Ben |year=2009|title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT |isbn=978-0-300-14425-3}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last=Longerich|first=Peter|year=2003|origyear=2001|title=The Unwritten Order: Hitler's Role in the Final Solution|url= https://archive.org/details/unwrittenorderhi0000long|location=Stroud|publisher=Tempus Publishing}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1=Niewyk|first1=Donald L.|last2=Nicosia|first2=Francis R. |year=2000|title=The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust |location=New York, NY |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231112000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpDTIUklB2MC}}
* {{cite book|last=Phayer|first=Michael|title=The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965|year=2000|location=Bloomington and Indianapolis|publisher=Indiana University Press|url=https://books.google.rs/books?id=aZTD96Upq9AC}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last=Snyder|first=Timothy|year=2010|title=Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin|location=London|publisher=The Bodley Head}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last=Zuccotti|first=Susan|year=1999|title=The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews|url= https://archive.org/details/holocaustfrenchj0000zucc|location=Lincoln, NE|publisher=University of Nebraska Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Crowe |first=David M. |author-link=David M. Crowe |year=2008 |title=The Holocaust: Roots, History, and Aftermath |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, CO |isbn=978-0-8133-4325-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Zuccotti |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Zuccotti |year=1993 |title=The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews |location=New York |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=0-465-03034-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Gilbert |year=1985 |title=The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War |location=New York |publisher=Henry Holt |isbn=0-8050-0348-7|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/holocausthistory0000gilb}}
{{refend}}

== Dodatna literatura ==
<div style="height:300px;overflow:auto;">
{{refbegin|25em|indent=yes}}
: {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Michael Thad|year=2002|title=The Business of Genocide: The SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps|url=https://archive.org/details/businessofgenoci00alle|location=London and Chapel Hill|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press}}
: {{cite book|last=Bauer|first=Yehuda|author-mask=3|year=1989|chapter=Rescue by negotiations? Jewish attempts to negotiate with the Nazis|editor=Michael R. Marrus|title=The Nazi Holocaust, Part 9: The End of the Holocaust|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|ref=CITEREFBauer1989|pages=3–21}}
: {{cite book|last=Bauer|first=Yehuda|author-mask=3|year=1998|origyear=1994|chapter=Gypsies|editor1-last=Yisrael Gutman|editor2-last=Michael Berenbaum|title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp|url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00gutm_1|location=Bloomington, IN|publisher=Indiana University Press|ref=CITEREFBauer1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00gutm_1/page/441 441]–455}}
: {{cite book|last=Bauer|first=Yehuda|author-mask=3|year=2002|title=Rethinking the Holocaust|location=New Haven, CT|publisher=Yale University Press|ref=CITEREFBauer2002}}
: {{cite book |editor1-last=Bennett |editor1-first=Gaymon |editor2-last=Peters |editor2-first=Ted |editor3-last=Hewlett |editor3-first=Martinez J. |editor4-last=Russell |editor4-first=Robert John |year=2008 |title=The Evolution of Evil |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn=978-3525569795 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vca7Y0VI5aAC |accessdate=1. 7. 2016}}
: {{cite book|last=Benz|first=Wolfgang|year=2007|title=Die 101 wichtigsten Fragen- das dritte Reich|edition=2nd|publisher=C.H. Beck}}
: {{cite book|last=Berenbaum|first=Michael|year=2005|title=The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0801883583}}
: {{cite book|last=Bergen|first=Doris|year=2016|url=https://www.amazon.com/War-Genocide-Holocaust-Critical-International/dp/1442242280/|title=The Holocaust: A Concise History 3rd ed.|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}}
: {{cite journal|last=Berghahn|first=Volker R.|year=1999|title=Germans and Poles, 1871–1945|journal=Yearbook of European Studies|volume=13|pages=15–36}}
: {{cite book|last=Black|first=Edwin |year=2009|title=The Transfer Agreement: The Dramatic Story of the Pact Between the Third Reich and Jewish Palestine |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Dialog Press |isbn=978-0914153139 |p=xiii}}
: {{cite book|last=Bloxham|first=Donald |year=2000|title=Extermination through work: Jewish Slave Labour under the Third Reich |publisher=Holocaust Educational Trust Research Papers |volume=1 |issue=1}}
: {{cite book|last=Brechtken|first=Magnus|year=1998|title=Madagaskar für die Juden: antisemitische Idee und politische Praxis 1885–1945|edition=2nd|location=Munich|publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag}}
: {{cite book|last=Breitman|first=Richard|year=1991|title=The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution|url=https://archive.org/details/architectofgenoc00rich|location=New York|publisher=Knopf}}
: {{cite journal|last=Browning|first=Christopher|year=1986|title=Nazi Ghettoization Policy in Poland: 1939–41|journal=Central European History|volume=19|number=4|jstor=4546081|doi=10.1017/s0008938900011158|pages=343–368|issn=0008-9389 }}
: {{cite book |last=Browning |first=Christopher |author-mask=3 |year=1992 |title=Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland |url=https://archive.org/details/ordinarymen00chri |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |ref=CITEREFBrowning1992 }} [http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20(1992).pdf London: Penguin Books (2001)].
: {{cite book|last=Browning|first=Christopher|author-mask=3 |year=2004|title=The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942|location=Jerusalem|publisher=Yad Vashem|ref=CITEREFBrowning2004}}
: {{cite book|last=Buchheim|first=Hans|year=1968|chapter=Command and Compliance|editor1-last=Helmut Krausnick|editor2-last=Hans Buchheim|editor3-last=Martin Broszat; Hans-Adolf Jacobsen|title=The Anatomy of the SS State|location=New York|publisher=Walker and Company|pages=303–396}}
: {{cite book|last=Buchholz|first=Werner|year=1999|title=Pomern|series=Deutsche Geschicte im Osten Europas|location=Berlin|publisher=Siedler}}
: {{cite book|last=Burleigh|first=Michael|year=2000|chapter=Psychiatry, Society and Nazi 'Euthanasia'|editor=Omer Bartov|title=The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation, Aftermath|url=https://archive.org/details/holocaustorigins00bart|location=London|publisher=Routledge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/holocaustorigins00bart/page/43 43]–62}}
: {{cite book|last=Burleigh|first=Michael|year=2001|title=The Third Reich: A New History|url=https://archive.org/details/thirdreichnewhis00burl}}
: {{cite book |last=Burleigh |first=Michael |author-mask=3 |last2=Wippermann |first2=Wolfgang |year=1991 |title=The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref={{SfnRef|Burleigh|Wippermann|1991}} }}
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: {{cite book|last=Domarus|first=Max|year=2004|title=Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations ''(4 volumes)''|location=Wauconda, IL|publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers}}
:{{cite book|last=Dwork|first=Deborah|title=Auschwitz, 1270 to the present|url=https://archive.org/details/auschwitz1270top00dwor|publisher=Norton|location=New York|year=1996|isbn=978-0-393-03933-7}}
: {{cite book|last1=Ђурић|first1=Рајко|last2=Милетић|first2=Антун|title=Историја холокауста Рома|year=2008|location=Београд|publisher=Политика|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTAxAQAAIAAJ}}
: {{cite book|last=Ehrenreich|first=Eric|year=2007|title=The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial Science, and the Final Solution.|url=https://archive.org/details/naziancestralpro00ehre_0|location=Bloomington|publisher=Indiana University Press}}
: {{cite book|last=Engel|first=David|year=2012|title=The Holocaust: The Third Reich and the Jews |location=London|publisher=Routeledge}}
: {{cite book|last=Evans|first=Richard J.|year=1989|title=In Hitler's Shadow|url=https://archive.org/details/inhitlersshadow00rich|location=New York, NY|publisher=Pantheon}}
: {{cite book|last=Evans|first=Richard J.|author-mask=3|year=2005|title=The Third Reich in Power|url=https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe00evan|location=New York|publisher=Penguin|ref=CITEREFEvans2005}}
: {{cite book|last=Evans|first=Richard J.|author-mask=3 |year=2002|title=Lying About Hitler: The Holocaust, History and the David Irving Trial|location=London|publisher=Verso|ref=CITEREFEvans2002}}
: {{cite book|last=Evans|first=Richard J.|author-mask=3 |year=2008|title=The Third Reich at War |location=London |publisher=Allen Lane |ref=CITEREFEvans2008 }}
: {{cite book|last=Evans|first=Richard J.|author-mask=3 |year=2015|title=The Third Reich in History and Memory | publisher=Oxford University Press |ref=CITEREFEvans2015}}
: {{cite journal|last=Farbstein|first=Esther|year=1998|title=Diaries and Memoirs as a Historical Source: The Diary and Memoir of a Rabbi at the 'Konin House of Bondage'|url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%203134.pdf|journal=Yad Vashem Studies|volume=26|pages=87–128}}
: {{cite book|last=Fest|first=Joachim|year=1999|title=Speer: The Final Verdict|location=San Diego, CA|publisher=Harcourt}}
: {{cite book|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Norman G. |year=2003|title=The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering |edition=2nd |location=London |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-85984-488-5}}
: {{cite book|last=Fischel|first=Jack R.|year=1998|title=The Holocaust|url=https://archive.org/details/holocaust0000fisc|location=Westport, CT|publisher=Greenwood Press}} 
: {{cite book|last=Fischel|first=Jack R. |author-mask=3 |year=2010|title=Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Scarecrow Press |ref={{SfnRef|Fischel|2010}} }}
: {{cite book|last=Fischer|first=Conan|year=2002|title=The Rise of the Nazis|location=Manchester|publisher=Manchester University Press}}
: {{cite book|last=Fischer|first=Klaus|year=1995|title=Nazi Germany: A New History|url=https://archive.org/details/nazigermanynewhi0000fisc|location=New York|publisher=Continuum}}
: {{cite book|last=Fleming|first=Gerald|year=1987|title=Hitler and the Final Solution|location=Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA|publisher=University of California Press}}
: {{cite book|last=Fogelman|first=Edith |title=Conscience and Courage: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust |year=1994|publisher=Doubleday}}
: {{cite book|last=Förster|first=Jürgen|year=1998|chapter=Complicity or Entanglement?|editor1-last=Michael Berenbaum|editor2-last=Abraham Peck|title=The Holocaust and History|url=https://archive.org/details/holocausthistory00bere_0|location=Bloomington, IN|publisher=Indiana University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/holocausthistory00bere_0/page/266 266]–283}}
: {{cite book|last=Frank|first=Anne|year=2007|origyear=1947|title=The Diary of a Young Girl|location=London|publisher=Penguin Books}}
: {{cite journal|last=Friedlander|first=Henry|year=1994|title=Step by Step: The Expansion of Murder, 1939–1941|journal=German Studies Review|volume=17|issue=3|jstor=1431896|doi=10.2307/1431896|pages=495–507}}
: {{cite book|last=Friedlander|first=Henry|author-mask=3|year=1995|title=The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution|url=https://archive.org/details/originsofnazigen0000frie|location=Chapel Hill, NC|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|ref=CITEREFFriedlander1995}}
: {{cite journal |last=Friedlander|first=Henry|author-mask=3 |year=1997|title=Registering the Handicapped in Nazi Germany: A Case Study|journal=Jewish History|volume=11|issue=2|jstor=20101303|doi=10.1007/BF02335679|ref=CITEREFFriedlander1997|pages=89–98}}
: {{cite book|last=Friedländer|first=Saul|year=1997|title=The Years of Persecution: Nazi Germany and the Jews 1933–1939|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson}}
: {{cite book|last=Friedländer|first=Saul|author-mask=3 |year=2007|title=The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews 1939–1945|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|ref={{SfnRef|Friedländer|2007}} }}
: {{cite book|last=Fritz|first=Stephen|year=2011|title=Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East|location=Lexington |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky}}
: {{cite book|last=Gaon| first=Solomon | title=Del fuego : Sephardim and the Holocaust | chapter=“The Non-European Holocaust: the fate of Tunisian Jewry”| publisher=Sepher-Hermon Press | location=New York |year=1995|isbn=978-0-87203-143-2 }}
: {{cite book|last=Garbe|first=Detlef|year=2001|chapter=Social Disinterest, Governmental Disinformation, Renewed Persecution, and Now Manipulation of History?|editor=Hans Hesse|title=Persecution and Resistance of Jehovah's Witnesses During the Nazi-Regime 1933–1945|location=Bremen|publisher=Edition Temmen|pages=251–265}}
: {{cite book|last=Gellately|first=Robert |year=2001|title=Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
: {{cite book |last1=Gellately |first1=Robert |last2=Stoltzfus |first2=Nathan |year=2001 |title=Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691086842 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1toqgWg8ROUC}}
: {{cite book|last=Gerwarth|first=Robert |year=2012|title=Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich |location=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University Press}}
: {{cite book|last=Gilbert|first=Martin |author-mask=3 |year=1988|title=Atlas of the Holocaust |ref=CITEREFGilbert1988 }}
: {{cite book|last=Gilbert|first=Martin |author-mask=3 |year=1993|title=The Dent atlas of the Holocaust |location=London |publisher=Dent |isbn=978-0-460-86171-7 |ref=CITEREFGilbert1993 }}
: {{cite book|last=Gilbert|first=Martin |author-mask=3 |year=2002|title=The Routledge atlas of the Holocaust |edition=3rd |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-28145-4 |ref=CITEREFGilbert2002 }}
: {{cite journal|last=Giles|first=Geoffrey J.|year=1992|title=The Most Unkindest Cut of All: Castration, Homosexuality and Nazi Justice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_1992-01_27_1/page/41|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=27|issue=1|jstor=260778|doi=10.1177/002200949202700103|pages=41–61}}
: {{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel Jonah |year=1997|title=Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and The Holocaust |publisher=Alfred A Knopf |isbn=978-0679772682}}
: {{cite book|last=Goldensohn|first=Leon|year=2005|title=Nuremberg Interviews|location=New York, NY|publisher=Vintage}}
: {{cite book|last=Gramel|first=Hermann|year=1992|title=Antisemitism in the Third Reich|location=London|publisher=Blackwell}}
: {{cite book|last=Hagen|first=William W.|year=2012|title=German History in Modern Times: Four Lives of the Nation|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
: {{cite book|last=Hancock|first=Ian|year=2004|chapter=Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and Overview|chapterurl=|url=http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=true|editor=Dan Stone|title=The Historiography of the Holocaust|location=New York, NY|publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan|pages=383–396|access-date=26. 02. 2017|archive-date=05. 03. 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305105001/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=true|url-status=dead}}
: {{cite book |last=Harran |first=Marilyn J. |year=2000 |title=The Holocaust Chronicles: A History in Words and Pictures |location=Lincolnwood, IL |publisher=Publications International |isbn=9780785329633 |url=http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/index.html}}
: {{cite book |last=Hauner |first=Milan |year=1991 |chapter=Russia's geopolitical and ideological dilemmas in Central Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PA212 |editor-last=Canfield |editor-first=Robert L. |title=Turko–Persia in Historical Perspective |publisher=School of American Research Press |isbn=978-1938645419 |quote=As Turkistanis they joined the so-called "Eastern Legions", which were part of the ''Wehrmacht'' and later the ''Waffen-SS'', to fight the Red Army (Hauner (1981), pp. 339–57).. The estimates of their numbers vary between 250,000 and 400, 000,  which include the Kalmyks, the Tatars and members of the Peoples of the Caucasian ethnic groups (Alexiev (1982), pp. 33).}} [http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam031/89077394.pdf Introduction] by Robert Canfield.
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: {{cite book|editor1-last=Kogon|editor1-first=E.|editor2-last=Langbein|editor2-first=H.|editor3-last=Rueckerl|editor3-first= A. |year=1993|title=Nazi Mass Murder: A Documentary History of the Use of Poison Gas|location=New Haven, CT|publisher=Yale University Press}}
: {{cite book|last=Krakowski|first=Shmuel |year=1989|chapter=The Death Marches in the Period of the Evacuation of the Camps |editor=Michael R. Marrus  |title=The Nazi Holocaust, Part 9: The End of the Holocaust |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |pp=476–90}}
: {{cite book|last=Krausnick|first=Helmut|year=1968|chapter=The Persecution of the Jews|editor1-last=Helmut Krausnick|editor2-last=Hans Buchheim|editor3-last=Martin Broszat; Hans-Adolf Jacobsen|title=The Anatomy of the SS State|location=New York, NY|publisher=Walker and Company|pages=1–125}}
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: {{cite journal|last=Kwiet|first=Konrad|year=1998|title=Rehearsing for Murder: The Beginning of the Final Solution in Lithuania in June 1941|url=http://defendinghistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Konrad-Kwiets-Rehearsing-for-Murder-in-1941.pdf|journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies|volume=12|issue=1|doi=10.1093/hgs/12.1.3|pages=3–26}}
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: {{cite journal|last=Lador-Lederer|first=Joseph|year=1980|title=World War II: Jews as Prisoners of War|journal=Israel Yearbook on Human Rights|volume=10|location=Tel Aviv|publisher=Tel Aviv University|pages=70–89}}
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: {{cite book|last=Laqueur|first=Walter |year=2001|title=The Holocaust encyclopedia |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-08432-0}}
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: {{cite book|last=Lemkin|first=Raphael|year=2005|title=Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress|location=New York, NY|publisher=Lawbook Exchange}}
: {{cite book|last=Lévy-Hass|first=Hanna|year=2009|origyear=1946|title=Diary of Bergen Belsen: 1944–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/diaryofbergenbel00levy|location=Chicago, IL|publisher=Haymarket Books|isbn=978-1-931-85987-5}}
: {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Jon E.|year=2002|title=The Mammoth Book of Heroes|location=London|publisher=Constable & Robinson}}
: {{cite book |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=Jon E. |year=2012 |title=Voices from the Holocaust |publisher=Skyhorse |isbn=978-1620870631 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WkT0pwAACAAJ |accessdate=1. 6. 2016}}
: {{cite journal|last=Lichten|first=Joseph L.|year=1984|title=Adam Czerniakow and His Times|journal=The Polish Review|volume=29|number=1 & 2|jstor=25778050|pages=71–89}}
: {{cite book |last=Lifton |first=Robert J. |year=2000 |origyear=1986 |title=The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide |location=New York |publisher=Basic Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bv8IAqVh8EAC}}
: {{cite book|last=Linn|first=Ruth|year=2004|title=Escaping Auschwitz: A Culture of Forgetting|url=https://archive.org/details/escapingauschwit00linn|location=Ithaca, NY|publisher=Cornell University Press}}
: {{cite book |last=Longerich |first=Peter |author-mask=3 |year=2010 |title=Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0192804365 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxYqYIn73SgC |accessdate=1. 6. 2016 |ref=CITEREFLongerich2010 }}
: {{cite book|last=Longerich|first=Peter|author-mask=3 |year=2012|title=Heinrich Himmler |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref=CITEREFLongerich2012 }}
: {{cite book|last=Lower|first=Wendy |year=2006|chapter=The {{'}}''reibungslose''{{'}} Holocaust? The German Military and Civilian Implementation of the 'Final Solution' in Ukraine, 1941–1944|editor1-last=Gerald D. Feldman|editor2-last=Wolfgang Seibel|title=Networks of Nazi Persecution: Bureaucracy, Business, and the Organization of the Holocaust|location=New York & Oxford|publisher=Berghahn Books|pages=236–256}}<!--
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: {{cite book|last=Lukas|first=Richard C. |year=2001|title=Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944 |publisher=Hippocrene Books |isbn=978-0781809016}}
: {{cite book|last=Lusane|first=Clarence|year=2003|title=Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experience of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans and African Americans in the Nazi Era|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersblackvict00clar|location=London; New York|publisher=Routledge}}
: {{cite book|last=Maier|first=Charles S.|year=1988|title=The Unmasterable Past|url=https://archive.org/details/unmasterablepast00maie|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=Harvard University Press}}
: {{cite book|last=Majer|first=Diemut|year=2003|title=Non-Germans under the Third Reich The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945|publisher=Texas Tech University Press}}
: {{cite book|last=Mann|first=Michael|year=2005|title=The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing|url=https://archive.org/details/darksideofdemocr0000mann|location=New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
: {{cite journal|last=Marrus|first=Michael R.|year=1995|title=Jewish Resistance to the Holocaust|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_1995-01_30_1/page/83|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=30|number=1|jstor=260923|doi=10.1177/002200949503000104|pages=83–110}}
: {{cite book|last=Marrus|first=Michael R. |author-mask=3 |year=2000|title=The Holocaust in History|location=Toronto|publisher=KeyPorter|ref=CITEREFMarrus2000}}
: {{cite book|last=Mason|first=Tim|year=1995|title=Nazism, Fascism and the Working Class|url=https://archive.org/details/nazismfascismwor00maso|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43212-2}}
: {{cite book|last=Matthäus|first=Jürgen|year=2004|chapter=Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, June–December 1941|title=''In Christopher Browning''. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942|location=Jerusalem|publisher=Yad Vashem|pages=244–308}}
: {{cite book|last=Mayer|first=Arno|year=2012|title=Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?: The "Final Solution" in History|location=London and New York|publisher=Verso Publishing}}
: {{cite book|last=Mazower|first=Mark|year=2008|title=Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersempirenaz0000mazo|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane}}
: {{cite book|last1=Michael|first1=Robert|last2=Doerr|first2=Karin|year=2002|title=Nazi-Deutsch/Nazi-German: An English Lexicon of the Language of the Third Reich|publisher=Greenwood Press}}
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{{refend}}
</div>

== Vanjske poveznice ==
{{commonscat|Holocaust}}
* [https://enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=25975 Holokaust], članak na enciklopedija.hr

[[Kategorija:Holokaust]]
[[Kategorija:Nacizam]]
[[Kategorija:Genocidi]]
[[Kategorija:Povijest Europe]]
[[Kategorija:Progoni i ratni zločini u Drugom svjetskom ratu]]
[[Kategorija:Povijest judaizma]]