Alfred Veliki

Izvor: Wikipedija
Alfred Veliki
Alfred
kralj Anglosasa (878.–899.)
kralj Wessexa (871.–899.)
kralj Bretwalde (871.–899.)
Vladavina 23. travnja 871. - 26. listopada 899.
Supruga Ealswitha
Djeca Ælfthryth
Æthelflæd
Eduard I. Stariji
Æthelweard
Otac Ethelwulf od Wessexa
Majka Osburga

Alfred Veliki (staroengleski Ælfrēd) bio je kralj Anglosasa.

Životopis[uredi | uredi kôd]

Alfred je bio najmlađi sin kralja Æthelwulfa. Majka mu se zvala Osburga. Kad je Alfredu bilo pet godina, otac ga je poslao u Rim, gdje ga je papa Lav IV. pomazao za kralja Engleske. Stupio je na prijestolje u vrijeme kad su bili učestali napadi Danaca. Godine 878. znatan dio Engleske oslobodio je od Danaca, a nakon toga izgradio je flotu i dobro organizirao obranu.

Zemlju je administrativno organizirao u veće ili manje oblasti (radi lakšeg upravljanja ili ubiranja poreza). Brinuo se za ratarstvo, osnivao nove gradove, uz koje je podizao uređena sela, obnovio London, koji je teško stradao od Danaca. Brinuo se za zakonitost te je osmislio pravni kodeks, započeo kovati novac, radio je na imidžu kršćanskog kralja, podupirao obrazovanje te osnivao škole. Alfred Veliki je od biskupa Assera naručio svoj životopis Život kralja Alfreda. U njemu su se naglašavale patnje i ustrajnost, a njegova je učinkovita vladavina prikazana u iznimno kršćanskom svjetlu.

Osobito plodne rezultate dala su Alfredova nastojanja na polju duhovne kulture. Okupio je znatan broj učenih ljudi (i iz inozemstva), te je i sam pomogao da se prevedu crkvene i filozofske knjige na engleski jezik. Sam je prevodio s latinskog jezika djela filozofskog i povijesnog značaja. Alfreda Velikog smatraju tvorcem staroengleskog proznog stila.

Obitelj[uredi | uredi kôd]

Alfredova su braća Æthelbald, Æthelbert, Æthelred, a imao je i sestru Æthelswith. Alfredova se supruga zvala Ealswitha, s kojom je imao kćeri Æthelflæd i Ælfthryth te sinove Eduarda i Æthelwearda.

Izvori[uredi | uredi kôd]

  • Abels, Richard P. 1988. Lordship and Military Obligation in Anglo-Saxon England. British Museum Press. str. 58–78. ISBN 978-0-7141-0552-9
  • Abels, Richard. 1998. Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Longman. ISBN 978-0-5820-4047-2
  • Abels, Richard. 2002. Royal Succession and the Growth of Political Stability in Ninth-Century Wessex. The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History. 12: 83–97. ISBN 978-1-8438-3008-5
  • Attenborough, F.L., ur. 1922. The laws of the earliest English kings. Cambridge University Press. str. 52–53, 62–93, 98–101. ISBN 978-0-4045-6545-9. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 10. listopada 2016.
  • Bately, Janet. 1970. King Alfred and the Old English Translation of Orosius. Anglia. 88: 433–460. doi:10.1515/angl.1970.1970.88.433. S2CID 161672815
  • Bately, Janet. 1990. 'Those books that are most necessary for all men to know': The Classics and late ninth-century England: a reappraisal. Bernardo, Aldo S.; Levin, Saul (ur.). The Classics in the Middle Ages. Binghamtion, New York. str. 45–78
  • Bately, Janet M. 2014. Alfred as Author and Translator. Nicole Guenther Discenza; Paul E. Szarmach (ur.). A Companion to Alfred the Great. Brill. Leiden. str. 113–142. doi:10.1163/9789004283763_006. ISBN 978-9-0042-8376-3
  • Bone fragment 'could be King Alfred or son Edward'. BBC News. 17. siječnja 2014.
  • Blackburn, M.A.S. 1998. The London mint in the reign of Alfred. Blackburn, M.A.S.; Dumville, D.N. (ur.). Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the 9th Century. str. 105–124
  • Bradshaw, Anthony. 1999. The Burghal Hidage: Alfred's Towns. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 16. srpnja 2011.
  • Brooks, Nicholas. 1984. The Early History of the Church of Canterbury: Christ Church from 597 to 1066. str. 172–173
  • Brooks, N.P.; Graham-Campbell, J.A. 1986. Reflections on the Viking-age silver hoard from Croydon, Surrey. Anglo-Saxon Monetary History: Essays in Memory of Michael Dolley. str. 91–110
  • Cannon, John. 1997. The Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford University Press. Oxford. ISBN 0-1986-6176-2
  • Charles-Edwards, T. M. 2013. Wales and the Britons 350–1064. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK. ISBN 978-0-1982-1731-2
  • The Post-Mortem Adventures of Alfred The Great. The Church Monuments Society. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 4. ožujka 2016. Pristupljeno 7. veljače 2016.
  • Cohen, Tamara. 27. ožujka 2013. Could these be the bones of Alfred the Great?. IOL Scitech. Pristupljeno 3. listopada 2017.
  • Alfred 'The Great' (r. 871–899). The Royal Family. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 1. listopada 2017.
  • Craig, G. Svibanj 1991. Alfred the Great: a diagnosis. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 84 (5): 303–305. doi:10.1177/014107689108400518. PMC 1293232. PMID 1819247
  • Crofton, Ian. 2006. The Kings & Queens of England. Quercus Publishing. str. 8. ISBN 978-1-8472-4628-8
  • The Top 100 Great Britons. BBC. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 4. prosinca 2002.
  • Dodson, Aidan. 2004. The Royal Tombs of Great Britain. Duckworth. London.
  • Doubleday, Arthur; Page, William, ur. 1903. Houses of Benedictine monks: New Minster, or the Abbey of Hyde. British History Online. London. str. 116–122. Pristupljeno 7. listopada 2020.
  • Dumville, David. 1979. The ætheling: a study in Anglo-Saxon constitutional history. Anglo-Saxon England. 8: 1–33. doi:10.1017/s026367510000301x. S2CID 159954001
  • Dumville, David. 1986. The West Saxon Genealogical List: Manuscripts and Texts. Anglia. 104: 1–32. doi:10.1515/angl.1986.1986.104.1. ISSN 0340-5222. S2CID 162322618
  • Dumville, David. 1992. Wessex and England from Alfred to Edgar : six essays on political, cultural, and ecclesiastical revival. Boydell Press. Woodbridge, Suffolk. ISBN 978-0-8511-5308-7
  • Dumville, David. 1996. Fryde, E.B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I (ur.). Handbook of British Chronology 3rd with corrections izdanje. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. ISBN 0-5215-6350-X
  • Dunstan, St. 1992. Ramsey, Nigel; Sparks, Margaret; Tatton-Brown, Tim (ur.). St Dunstan:His Life, Times, and Cult. Boydell Press. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK. ISBN 0-8511-5301-1
  • Fleming, Robin. 1985. Monastic lands and England's defence in the Viking Age. English Historical Review. 100 (395): 247–265. doi:10.1093/ehr/C.CCCXCV.247
  • Foot, Sarah. 2011. Æthelstan: The First King of England. Yale University Press. New Haven and London. ISBN 978-0-3001-2535-1
  • Gifford, Edwin; Gifford, Joyce. 2003. Alfred's new longships. Reuter, Timothy (ur.). Alfred the Great (Studies in early medieval Britain). Ashgate. str. 281–289. ISBN 978-0-7546-0957-5
  • The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Prijevod: Giles, J. A.; Ingram, J. Project Gutenberg. Rujan 1996. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 29. lipnja 2011. — "Note: This electronic edition [of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle] is a collation of material from nine diverse extant versions of the Chronicle. It contains primarily the translation of Rev. James Ingram, as published in the [1847] Everyman edition". It was "Originally compiled on the orders of King Alfred the Great, approximately A.D. 890, and subsequently maintained and added to by generations of anonymous scribes until the middle of the 12th Century".
  • Godden, M. R. 2007. Did King Alfred Write Anything?. Medium Ævum. 76 (1): 1–23. doi:10.2307/43632294. ISSN 0025-8385. JSTOR 43632294
  • Gransden, Antonia. 1996. Historical Writing in England: c. 500 to c. 1307. Routledge. London. ISBN 0-4151-5124-4
  • Gregory I, Pope; Alfred, King of England. 1871. Sweet, Henry (ur.). King Alfred's West-Saxon version of Gregory's Pastoral care. N. Trübner & Company for the Early English text society. London. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 22. ožujka 2016.
  • Hill, Paul. 2009. The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great. Westholme. str. 17. ISBN 978-1-5941-6087-5
  • Hill, David; Rumble, Alexander R., ur. 1996. The Defence of Wessex: The Burghal Hidage and Anglo-Saxon Fortifications. Manchester University Press. Manchester. ISBN 0-7190-3218-0
  • Hollister, C. Warren. 1962. Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions on the Eve of the Norman Conquest. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
  • Horspool, David. 2006. Why Alfred Burned the Cakes. Profile Books. London. ISBN 1-8619-7786-7
  • Hull, Lise E. 2006. Britain's Medieval Castles. Praeger. Westport, CT. ISBN 978-0-2759-8414-4
  • Hunt, William. 1889. Ethelbald (d.860) . Stephen, Leslie (ur.). Dictionary of National Biography. 18. Smith, Elder & Co. London. str. 16
  • Henry of Huntingdon. 1969. Histories. Giles, J.A. (ur.). Memorials of King Alfred: being essays on the history and antiquities of England during the ninth century, the age of King Alfred, by various authors. Burt Franklin research & source works series. Burt Franklin. New York.
  • Huscroft, Richard. 2019. Making England 796–1042. Routledge. Abingdon, UK. ISBN 978-1-1381-8246-2
  • Hutchison-Hall, John (Ellsworth). 2017. Orthodox Saints of the British Isles. IV - October–December. St. Eadfrith Press. United States of America. ISBN 978-1-5427-1822-6
  • Jackson, F I. Siječanj 1992. Letter to the editor: Alfred the Great: a diagnosis. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 85 (1): 58. PMC 1293470. PMID 1610468
  • Kalmar, Tomas. 2016a. Born in the Margin: The Chronological Scaffolding of Asser's Vita Ælfredi. Peritia. 17: 79–98. doi:10.1484/J.PERIT.5.112197. ISSN 0332-1592
  • Kalmar, Tomas. 2016b. Then Alfred took the Throne and then what? Parker's Error and Plummer's Blind Spot. Volodarskaya, Emma; Roberts, Jane (ur.). Language, Culture and Society in Russian/English Studies: the Proceedings of the Sixth Conference 27–28 July 2015. University of London. London, Senate House. str. 37–83. ISBN 978-5-8896-6097-2. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 28. lipnja 2020.
  • Kennedy, Maev. 27. ožujka 2013. 'Alfred the Great' bones exhumed from unmarked grave. The Guardian
  • Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael. 1983. Alfred the Great, Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources. Penguin. Harmondsworth, England. ISBN 0-1404-4409-2. OL 2893362M
  • Keynes, Simon. 1993. The Control of Kent in the Ninth Century. Early Medieval Europe. 2 (2): 111–131. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.1993.tb00013.x. ISSN 1468-0254
  • Keynes, Simon. 1995. England, 700–900. McKitterick, Rosamond (ur.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. II. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. str. 18–42. ISBN 978-0-5213-6292-4
  • Keynes, Simon. 1998. Alfred and the Mercians. Blackburn, Mark A.S.; Dumville, David N. (ur.). Kings, currency, and alliances: history and coinage of southern England in the ninth century. Boydell & Brewer. Woodbridge. str. 1–46. ISBN 978-0-8511-5598-2