Noć vještica: razlika između inačica
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[[Datoteka:Halloween.JPG|300px|desno|mini|Simbol Noći vještica: [[Bundeva]] sa svijećom]] |
[[Datoteka:Halloween.JPG|300px|desno|mini|Simbol Noći vještica: [[Bundeva]] sa svijećom]] |
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'''Halloween''' ('''Hallowe'en'''), skraćenica od ''All Hallows' Eve'' ili ''Hallow Eve'' (Sveta večer, večer uoči Svih Svetih), na hrvatski često prevođena kao '''Noć vještica''', noć je uoči [[Svi sveti|Svih svetih]], [[31. listopada]]. Slavi se uglavnom u engleskom govornom području, posebno u [[Irska|Irskoj]], [[SAD]]-u, [[Kanada|Kanadi]], [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Ricou]], [[Australija|Australiji]] i [[Novi Zeland|Novom Zelandu]], no u zadnje se vrijeme pod utjecajem egleskih medija širi i u druge krajeve. |
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Vjeruje se da mnogi običaji Noći vještica potječu od [[Kelti|keltskih]] festivala žetve koji mogu imati [[Poganstvo|poganske]] korjene, posebno [[Geli|gelski]] festival [[Samhain]], i da se ovaj festival kristijanizirao kao Halloween. |
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<ref name=Fasting>{{cite web|title=BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween_1.shtml|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)|quote=It is widely believed that many Hallowe'en traditions have evolved from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain which was Christianised by the early Church. ...All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Saints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. The name derives from the Old English 'hallowed' meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe'en. ...However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain...|year=2010|accessdate=1 November 2011}}</ref> |
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Pogrešno je uvjerenje da je svetkovina nastala temeljem [[pokrštavanje|kristijaniziranih]] obreda.<ref name="suprotstavljen"/> |
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<ref name=Christianity3>{{cite book|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&pg=PA408&dq=all+hallow's+eve+christian+origin&hl=en&ei=dUyvTrfhIYetgwen5YiCAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Merriam-Webster|quote=Halloween, ''also called'' All Hallows' Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints' Day. The Irish pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows' Eve, celebrated on the same date.|year=1999|accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Roberts1987">{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Brian K.|title=The Making of the English Village: A Study in Historical Geography|accessdate=14 December 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjbYAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Making+of+the+English+Village:+A+Study+in+Historical+Geography&dq=The+Making+of+the+English+Village:+A+Study+in+Historical+Geography&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjRi9-nndzJAhXDPT4KHVb1DwIQ6AEIHTAA |year=1987|publisher=Longman Scientific & Technical|isbn=9780582301436|quote=Time out of time', when the barriers between this world and the next were down, the dead returned from the grave, and gods and strangers from the underworld walked abroad was a twice- yearly reality, on dates Christianised as All Hallows' Eve and All Hallows' Day.}}</ref><ref name="Smith2004">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Bonnie G.|title=Women's History in Global Perspective|accessdate=14 December 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Women_s_History_in_Global_Perspective.html?id=7Q8Ix-M8LWcC&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button#v=onepage&q&f=false |year=2004|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252029318|page=66|quote=The pre-Christian observance obviously influenced the Christian celebration of All Hallows' Eve, just as the Taoist festival affected the newer Buddhist Ullambana festival. Although the Christian version of All Saints' and All Souls' Days came to emphasize prayers for the dead, visits to graves, and the role of the living assuring the safe passage to heaven of their departed loved ones, older notions never disappeared.}}</ref><ref name=Christianity1>{{cite book|author=Nicholas Rogers|title=Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stWZ_UDteMIC&pg=PA22&dq=halloween+christian+holy+day&hl=en&ei=wCiwTu-tN8j00gGJ5bjGAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CG8Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=halloween%20christian%20holy%20day&f=false|quote=Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. In the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age enthusiasts and the evangelical Right.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=Christianity2>{{cite book|title=Austrian information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FU7AQAAIAAJ&q=all+hallow's+eve+wear+masks+Christian+souls+vengeance&dq=all+hallow's+eve+wear+masks+Christian+souls+vengeance&hl=en&ei=u1CvTtjjFOKHsAKEudDkAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA|quote=The feasts of Hallowe'en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other pagan customs intertwined with Christian practice.|year=1965|accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref> |
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Ipak, mnogi znanstvenici smatraju da je Halloween nastao neovisno kao kršćanski blagdan, jer su poganski običaji nestali davno prije pojave modernih običaja na Noć vještica koji se povezuju s poganskim korjenima. |
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<ref name=Fasting/> |
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<ref>{{cite web|title=Is Halloween Pagan in Origin?|last=Mosteller|first=Angie|date=11 October 2012 |url=http://www.crosswalk.com/newsletters-only/today-on-crosswalk/is-halloween-pagan-in-origin.html |publisher=Crosswalk|accessdate=14 December 2015 |quote=Early in church history, Christians began to celebrate the "saints" (heroes of the faith) and by the 7th century, All Saints' Day was celebrated annually throughout the Christian world - Orthodox churches celebrated on the Sunday after Pentecost, and Roman Catholic churches celebrated on May 13. Without a doubt, the origin of All Saints' Day and its Eve (Halloween) was entirely Christian. ...So why do many scholars draw the connection between Halloween and Samhain? In the nineteenth century, cultural anthropologist Sir James Frazer studied the practices of Northern Celtic people on ''Hallowmas'' (a term that has come to describe the three day period of October 31st, Halloween, November 1st, All Saints' Day, and November 2nd, All Souls' Day). He asserted that the traditions of Hallowmas were rooted in Samhain, and he claimed that the ancient pagan festival had been a day to honor the dead. Though Christianity probably brought the focus on the dead to Samhain, Frazer claimed the reverse.}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Halloween|last=Bolinius|first=Erich|date=31 October 2006|publisher=FDP Emden|language=German<!--|accessdate=12 November 2015-->|quote=Die lückenhaften religionsgeschichtlichen Überlieferungen, die auf die Neuzeit begrenzte historische Dimension der Halloween-Kultausprägung, vor allem auch die Halloween-Metaphorik legen nahe, daß wir umdenken müssen: Halloween geht nicht auf das heidnische Samhain zurück, sondern steht in Bezug zum christlichen Totengedenkfest Allerheiligen/ Allerseelen.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wdr.de/themen/freizeit/brauchtum/halloween_10/interview_doering.jhtml?rubrikenstyle=freizeit|title=Süßes, Saures - olle Kamellen? Ist Halloween schon wieder out?|last=Döring|first=Dr. Volkskundler Alois|year=2011|publisher=[[Westdeutscher Rundfunk]]|language=German|accessdate=12 November 2015 |archive-date=2011-06-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614110611/http://www.wdr.de/themen/freizeit/brauchtum/halloween_10/interview_doering.jhtml?rubrikenstyle=freizeit|quote=Dr. Alois Döring ist wissenschaftlicher Referent für Volkskunde beim LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Bonn. Er schrieb zahlreiche Bücher über Bräuche im Rheinland, darunter das Nachschlagewerk "Rheinische Bräuche durch das Jahr". Darin widerspricht Döring der These, Halloween sei ursprünglich ein keltisch-heidnisches Totenfest. Vielmehr stamme Halloween von den britischen Inseln, der Begriff leite sich ab von "All Hallows eve", Abend vor Allerheiligen. Irische Einwanderer hätten das Fest nach Amerika gebracht, so Döring, von wo aus es als "amerikanischer" Brauch nach Europa zurückkehrte.}}</ref><ref name="Thompson">{{cite web|last1=Thompson|first1=Augustine|title=The Catholic Origins of Halloween|url=http://ucatholic.com/blog/the-catholic-origins-of-halloween/|website=ucatholic.com|accessdate=19 September 2016|quote=We’ve all heard the allegations: Halloween is a pagan rite dating back to some pre-Christian festival among the Celtic Druids that escaped church suppression. Even today modern pagans and witches continue to celebrate this ancient festival. If you let your kids go trick-or-treating, they will be worshiping the devil and pagan gods. Nothing could be further from the truth. The origins of Halloween are, in fact, very Christian and rather American. Halloween falls on October 31 because of a pope, and its observances are the result of medieval Catholic piety.}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Blagdan se danas slavi, većinom u anglosaskim zemljama, kao zabavni festival koji uključuje maskiranje u [[mitološka bića.|mitološke likove]] poput [[vještice|vještica]], [[vampir]]a, [[duh (prikaza)|duhova]], [[zombi]]ja, [[goblin]]a i ukrašavanje kuća i okućnica [[bundeva]]ma (''Jack-o'-lantern''), paukovim mrežama, [[kostur]]ima, gledanje [[horor|horor filmova]], sve u svrhu zastrašivanja, jer se u davnim vremenima strašenjem tjerala smrt uoći Dana svih svetih. |
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Velika zasluga za proširenje proslave Noći vještica pripisuje se redatelju [[John Carpenter|Johnu Carpenteru]] koji je snimio [[Noć vještica (1978.)|istoimeni horor]] na tu tematiku.<ref>[http://covermagazin.com/halloween-noc-vjestica.htm Halloween | Noć vještica - covermagazin.com]</ref> |
Velika zasluga za proširenje proslave Noći vještica pripisuje se redatelju [[John Carpenter|Johnu Carpenteru]] koji je snimio [[Noć vještica (1978.)|istoimeni horor]] na tu tematiku.<ref>[http://covermagazin.com/halloween-noc-vjestica.htm Halloween | Noć vještica - covermagazin.com]</ref> |
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== Etimologija == |
== Etimologija == |
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[[Datoteka:Pumpkin Halloween.JPG|250px|desno|mini|Ukrašena bundeva na kućnom pragu]] |
[[Datoteka:Pumpkin Halloween.JPG|250px|desno|mini|Ukrašena bundeva na kućnom pragu]] |
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Engleski izvornik ''Halloween'' označava večer prije Dana svih svetih (''All Hallows' Eve''). |
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== Povijest == |
== Povijest == |
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Kada je Jack umro, nije bio primljen zbog svog griješnog života u [[Raj]], a na vratima [[Pakao|Pakla]] dočekao ga je vrag i poslao natrag u mrak, a da ga se rješi dao mu je žeravicu [[ugljen]]a. Jack je u džepu imao repu, koju je izdubio, stavio u nju žeravicu i otada Jack, koji nikada nije pronašao put kući, luta mrakom noseći izdubljenu repu u ruci. |
Kada je Jack umro, nije bio primljen zbog svog griješnog života u [[Raj]], a na vratima [[Pakao|Pakla]] dočekao ga je vrag i poslao natrag u mrak, a da ga se rješi dao mu je žeravicu [[ugljen]]a. Jack je u džepu imao repu, koju je izdubio, stavio u nju žeravicu i otada Jack, koji nikada nije pronašao put kući, luta mrakom noseći izdubljenu repu u ruci. |
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Tako je Jack O'Lantern (Jack Fenjer) postao simbol [[Duša|duše]] koja je prokleta i koja luta između svjetova. |
Tako je Jack O'Lantern (Jack Fenjer) postao simbol [[Duša|duše]] koja je prokleta i koja luta između svjetova. |
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== Suprotstavljenost katoličkoj tradiciji == |
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Poganski blagdan Noći vještica izravno je suprotstavljen katoličkoj tradiciji. Od vjere u zagrobni život stvara lakrdiju.<ref name="suprotstavljen"/> Deset glavnih razloga zbog zašto katolik treba reći ‘ne’ proslavi ‘Noći vještica’ su što taj slaveljenje poganskog blagdana Noći vještica: |
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* briše granicu između kršćana i [[poganstvo|pogana]]; |
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* pobuđuje zanimanje za [[okultizam|okultno]]; |
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* [[magija|magijske]] i okultne tehnike predstavlja bezazlenima; |
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* je najsvetiji dan [[vještica]] i drugih okultista; |
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* ga okultisti i vještice koriste za populariziranje svojih umijeća; |
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* je [[spiritizam|spiritistima]] poseban dan za prizivanje duhova; |
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* su u prošlosti najčešće na ovaj dan [[prinošenje ljudskih žrtava|prinošene ljudske žrtve]]; |
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* [[sotonizam|sotonisti]] vjeruju da je to jedini dan u godini u kojemu mogu prizvati sotonu; |
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* niječe postojanje [[grijeh]]a, potrebu za [[Spasitelj]]em, i promovira s kršćanstvom nespojivi nauk o [[reinkarnacija|reinkarnaciji]]; |
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* ne postoji niti jedna aktivnost ili simbol Halloweena koji ne bi imao veze s poganstvom.<ref name="dekalog">[http://www.bitno.net/vjera/halloween/ Bitno.net] fra Josip Blažević: Dekalog protiv Halloweena: Evo zašto katolik treba reći ‘ne’ proslavi ‘Noći vještica’ 31. listopada 2014. Na bitno.net preuzeto sa stranice Areopag.hr uz dopuštenje autora. Preuzeto s bitno.net 2. studenoga 2015.</ref> |
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== Bilješke == |
== Bilješke == |
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Inačica od 2. studenoga 2016. u 17:45
Ovo je glavno značenje pojma Noć vještica. Za druga značenja pogledajte Noć vještica (razdvojba).
Halloween (Hallowe'en), skraćenica od All Hallows' Eve ili Hallow Eve (Sveta večer, večer uoči Svih Svetih), na hrvatski često prevođena kao Noć vještica, noć je uoči Svih svetih, 31. listopada. Slavi se uglavnom u engleskom govornom području, posebno u Irskoj, SAD-u, Kanadi, Puerto Ricou, Australiji i Novom Zelandu, no u zadnje se vrijeme pod utjecajem egleskih medija širi i u druge krajeve.
Vjeruje se da mnogi običaji Noći vještica potječu od keltskih festivala žetve koji mogu imati poganske korjene, posebno gelski festival Samhain, i da se ovaj festival kristijanizirao kao Halloween. [1] [2] [3][4][5][6] Ipak, mnogi znanstvenici smatraju da je Halloween nastao neovisno kao kršćanski blagdan, jer su poganski običaji nestali davno prije pojave modernih običaja na Noć vještica koji se povezuju s poganskim korjenima. [1] [7][8][9][10]
Blagdan se danas slavi, većinom u anglosaskim zemljama, kao zabavni festival koji uključuje maskiranje u mitološke likove poput vještica, vampira, duhova, zombija, goblina i ukrašavanje kuća i okućnica bundevama (Jack-o'-lantern), paukovim mrežama, kosturima, gledanje horor filmova, sve u svrhu zastrašivanja, jer se u davnim vremenima strašenjem tjerala smrt uoći Dana svih svetih.
Velika zasluga za proširenje proslave Noći vještica pripisuje se redatelju Johnu Carpenteru koji je snimio istoimeni horor na tu tematiku.[11]
Etimologija
Engleski izvornik Halloween označava večer prije Dana svih svetih (All Hallows' Eve).
Povijest
Stari Kelti su 7. studenog slavili kao početak nove godine, a proslava je bila posvećena bogu Sunca, ali i gospodaru smrti (Samhainu). Vjerovali su da za punog mjeseca, a najčešće noć prije dana mrtvih, mrtvi napuštaju svoje grobove, te nakratko opet dolaze na Zemlju i posjećuju svoje domove, zbog toga su se živi, prestrašeni mogućnošću sustreta s mrtvima, prekrivali zastrašujućim maskama i stvarali veliku buku. Dolaskom Rimljana, noć mrtvih dobiva stalni datum, a te noći prema starom rimskom vjerovanju, crni bog lova Samain preuzima vlast nad svijetom, ubija srndaća (boga Sunca), a božicu vegetacije odvodi u podzemlje, gdje ona do proljeća bdije nad mirujućim sjemenkama, usnulim životinjama i dušama mrtvih. U toj noći su se simbolično gasile sve vatre u ognjištima, vjerovalo se da mrtvi posljednji put dolaze na ovaj svijet, pa su jedni na pragovima svojih kuća ostavljali hranu, a drugi su postavljali izdubljene repe, cikle ili krumpir s upaljenom svijećom, kako bi griješne duše uplašili, a dobre pronašle put kući. Bundeva je tek u 16. stoljeću postala popularna za dubljenje najprije u Americi, a zatim i u ostatku svijeta.
Legenda o Jack-o'-lanternu
Običaj dubljenja bundevi zasniva se na irskoj legendi o kovaču Jacku, poznatom po domišljatosti, ali i škrtosti. Jedna od priča govori kako je prevario vraga tako što je vragu ponudio dušu u zamjenu za piće i nakon što se vrag pretvorio u novčić kako bi platio piće, Jack ga je brzo stavio u džep u kojem je bio križ, zbog kojeg se vrag više nije mogao vratiti u svoj oblik. Tek nakon što je Jacku obećao da neće tražiti njegovu dušu još deset godina, Jack ga je izvadio iz džepa. Nakon deset godina opet je prevario vraga tako što ga je zamolio da mu vrag doda jabuku sa stabla, ali je na kori stabla brzo nacrtao križ, tako da ga vrag ponovno nije mogao dohvatiti. Kada je Jack umro, nije bio primljen zbog svog griješnog života u Raj, a na vratima Pakla dočekao ga je vrag i poslao natrag u mrak, a da ga se rješi dao mu je žeravicu ugljena. Jack je u džepu imao repu, koju je izdubio, stavio u nju žeravicu i otada Jack, koji nikada nije pronašao put kući, luta mrakom noseći izdubljenu repu u ruci. Tako je Jack O'Lantern (Jack Fenjer) postao simbol duše koja je prokleta i koja luta između svjetova.
Bilješke
- ↑ a b BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Pristupljeno 1. studenoga 2011..
It is widely believed that many Hallowe'en traditions have evolved from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain which was Christianised by the early Church. ...All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Saints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. The name derives from the Old English 'hallowed' meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe'en. ...However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain...
- ↑ Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. 1999. Pristupljeno 31. listopada 2011..
Halloween, also called All Hallows' Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints' Day. The Irish pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows' Eve, celebrated on the same date.
- ↑ Roberts, Brian K. 1987. The Making of the English Village: A Study in Historical Geography. Longman Scientific & Technical. ISBN 9780582301436. Pristupljeno 14. prosinca 2015..
Time out of time', when the barriers between this world and the next were down, the dead returned from the grave, and gods and strangers from the underworld walked abroad was a twice- yearly reality, on dates Christianised as All Hallows' Eve and All Hallows' Day.
- ↑ Smith, Bonnie G. 2004. Women's History in Global Perspective. University of Illinois Press. str. 66. ISBN 9780252029318. Pristupljeno 14. prosinca 2015..
The pre-Christian observance obviously influenced the Christian celebration of All Hallows' Eve, just as the Taoist festival affected the newer Buddhist Ullambana festival. Although the Christian version of All Saints' and All Souls' Days came to emphasize prayers for the dead, visits to graves, and the role of the living assuring the safe passage to heaven of their departed loved ones, older notions never disappeared.
- ↑ Nicholas Rogers. 2002. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. Pristupljeno 31. listopada 2011..
Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. In the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age enthusiasts and the evangelical Right.
- ↑ Austrian information. 1965. Pristupljeno 31. listopada 2011..
The feasts of Hallowe'en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other pagan customs intertwined with Christian practice.
- ↑ Mosteller, Angie. 11. listopada 2012. Is Halloween Pagan in Origin?. Crosswalk. Pristupljeno 14. prosinca 2015..
Early in church history, Christians began to celebrate the "saints" (heroes of the faith) and by the 7th century, All Saints' Day was celebrated annually throughout the Christian world - Orthodox churches celebrated on the Sunday after Pentecost, and Roman Catholic churches celebrated on May 13. Without a doubt, the origin of All Saints' Day and its Eve (Halloween) was entirely Christian. ...So why do many scholars draw the connection between Halloween and Samhain? In the nineteenth century, cultural anthropologist Sir James Frazer studied the practices of Northern Celtic people on Hallowmas (a term that has come to describe the three day period of October 31st, Halloween, November 1st, All Saints' Day, and November 2nd, All Souls' Day). He asserted that the traditions of Hallowmas were rooted in Samhain, and he claimed that the ancient pagan festival had been a day to honor the dead. Though Christianity probably brought the focus on the dead to Samhain, Frazer claimed the reverse.
- ↑ Bolinius, Erich. 31. listopada 2006. Halloween (njemački). FDP Emden.
Die lückenhaften religionsgeschichtlichen Überlieferungen, die auf die Neuzeit begrenzte historische Dimension der Halloween-Kultausprägung, vor allem auch die Halloween-Metaphorik legen nahe, daß wir umdenken müssen: Halloween geht nicht auf das heidnische Samhain zurück, sondern steht in Bezug zum christlichen Totengedenkfest Allerheiligen/ Allerseelen.
- ↑ Döring, Dr. Volkskundler Alois. 2011. Süßes, Saures - olle Kamellen? Ist Halloween schon wieder out? (njemački). Westdeutscher Rundfunk. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 14. lipnja 2011. Pristupljeno 12. studenoga 2015..
Dr. Alois Döring ist wissenschaftlicher Referent für Volkskunde beim LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Bonn. Er schrieb zahlreiche Bücher über Bräuche im Rheinland, darunter das Nachschlagewerk "Rheinische Bräuche durch das Jahr". Darin widerspricht Döring der These, Halloween sei ursprünglich ein keltisch-heidnisches Totenfest. Vielmehr stamme Halloween von den britischen Inseln, der Begriff leite sich ab von "All Hallows eve", Abend vor Allerheiligen. Irische Einwanderer hätten das Fest nach Amerika gebracht, so Döring, von wo aus es als "amerikanischer" Brauch nach Europa zurückkehrte.
- ↑ Thompson, Augustine. The Catholic Origins of Halloween. ucatholic.com. Pristupljeno 19. rujna 2016..
We’ve all heard the allegations: Halloween is a pagan rite dating back to some pre-Christian festival among the Celtic Druids that escaped church suppression. Even today modern pagans and witches continue to celebrate this ancient festival. If you let your kids go trick-or-treating, they will be worshiping the devil and pagan gods. Nothing could be further from the truth. The origins of Halloween are, in fact, very Christian and rather American. Halloween falls on October 31 because of a pope, and its observances are the result of medieval Catholic piety.
- ↑ Halloween | Noć vještica - covermagazin.com
