Popis čovječjih evolucijskih fosila
Izvor: Wikipedija
U tablici niže navedeni su najvažniji otkriveni fosilni ostaci hominina izravno ili neizravno vezanih za evoluciju čovjeka, počevši od nastanka tribusa Hominini u kasnom miocenu (otprilike prije 6 milijuna godina).
Pošto su otkrivene tisuće fosila ljudskih predaka, mnogi od njih fragmentarni, često sa samo jednom pronađenom kosti ili zubom (čitave su lubanje rijetke),[1] ovaj prikaz nema za cilj biti potpun, već prikazati samo najvažnija otkrića. Popis fosila je složen po približnoj starosti determiniranoj datiranjem ugljikom-14 i/ili dodavajućim datiranjem. Imena vrsta prikazuju trenutni konsenzus među znanstvenicima, a ako konsenzus ne postoji, navedena su i alternativna imena.
Većina prikazanih fosila ne smatraju se izravnim precima Homo sapiensa, ali su tijesno vezani za izravne čovjekove pretke, te su stoga važni za istraživanje čovjekove evolucijske linije.
Sadržaj
Kasni miocen[uredi VE | uredi]
starost: 7 milijuna do 5,3 milijuna godina[uredi VE | uredi]
| naziv | vrijeme | vrsta | godina otkrića | mjesto otkrića | otkrivač/i | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
TM 266 (Toumai) | 7 milijuna godina[2] | Sahelanthropus tchadensis | 2001. | Čad | Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye |
 |
BAR 1000'00 | 6 milijuna godina[3] | Orrorin tugenensis | 2000. | Kenija | Martin Pickford, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut, |
Pliocen[uredi VE | uredi]
starost: 5,3 milijuna do 2,58 milijuna godina[uredi VE | uredi]
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Pleistocen[uredi VE | uredi]
Donji paleolitik: 2,58 milijuna godina - 300 000 godina[uredi VE | uredi]
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Srednji paleolitik: od 300 000 do 50 000 godina[uredi VE | uredi]
Gornji paleolitik: od 50 000 do 10 000 godina[uredi VE | uredi]
Holocen[uredi VE | uredi]
Mezolitik i neolitik: od 10 000 do 5000 godina[uredi VE | uredi]
| naziv | vrijeme | vrsta | godina otkrića | mjesto otkrića | otkrivač/i | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| žena iz La Bree | oko 10 000 | Homo sapiens | 1914. | SAD | ||
 |
Combe Capelle | 9 600[33] | Homo sapiens | 1909. | Francuska | O. Hauser |
| Cheddarški čovjek | 9 000 | 1903. | Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo | |||
 |
Kow Swamp 1 | 9 000 - 13 000 | Homo sapiens | 1968. | Australija | A.G. Thorne |
| Afalou 13 | 8 000 - 12 000 | Homo sapiens | 1920. | Alžir | C. Arambourg | |
| Wadi Halfa 25 | 8 000 - 12 000 | Homo sapiens | 1963. | Sudan | G. Armelagos, E. Ewing, D. Greene | |
| Wadi Kubbaniya | 8 000 - 20 000 | Homo sapiens | 1982. | Egipat | Fred Wendorf | |
 |
žena iz Minnesote | 7 800 - 8 00 | Homo sapiens | 1931. | Minnesota | Albert Jenks |
| Lo 4b | 6 000 - 9 000 | Homo sapiens | 1965. | H. Robbins B.M. Lynch | ||
| Tepexpanški čovjek | 5 000 - 11 000 | Homo sapiens | 1947. | Meksiko | Hellmut de Terra | |
| SDM 16704 | 4 900 - 11 800 | Homo sapiens | 1929. | SAD | M.J. Rogers |
Kratice korištene u katalogu ljudskih fosila[uredi VE | uredi]
- AL - Afar, Etiopija
- ARA-VP - Aramis Vertebrate Paleontology, Etiopija
- BAR - (Lukeino, brda Tugen) distrikt Baringo, Kenija
- BOU-VP - Bouri Vertebrate Paleontology, Etiopija
- D - Dmanisi, Gruzija
- ER - Istočno jezero Rudolf, Kenija
- KGA - Konso-Gardula, Etiopija
- KNM - Kenijski nacionalni muzej
- KP - Kanapoi, Kenija
- LB - Liang Bua, Indonezija
- LH - Laetoli hominid, Tanzanija
- NG - Ngandong, Indonezija
- OH - Olduvai Hominid, Tanzanija
- SK - Swartkrans, Južnoafrička Republika
- Sts,Stw - Sterkfontein, Južnoafrička Republika
- TM - Transvaal Museum, Južnoafrička Republika
- TM - Toros-Menalla, Čad
- WT - Zapadno jezero Turkana, Kenija
Vidi još[uredi VE | uredi]
Dodatna literatura[uredi VE | uredi]
- Gibbons, Ann. The First Human: The Race to Discover our Earliest Ancestor. Anchor Books (2007). ISBN 978-1-4000-7696-3
- (2002. Reprinted 2004) Hartwig, Walter The Primate Fossil Record, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08141 -2.
- Johanson, Donald & Wong, Kate. Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. Three Rivers Press (2009). ISBN 978-0-307-39640-2
- Jones, Steve; Martin, Robert D.; Pilbeam, David R (Editors). (1994). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human evolution, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46786-5 (Note: this book contains very useful, information dense chapters on primate evolution in general, and human evolution in particular, including fossil history).
- Leakey, Richard & Lewin, Roger. Origins Reconsidered: In Search of What Makes us Human. Little, Brown and Company (1992). ISBN 0-316-90298-5
- Lewin, Roger. Bones of Contention: Controversies in the Search for Human Origins. Penguin Books (1987). ISBN 0-14-022638-9
- Morwood, Mike & van Oosterzee, Penny. A New Human: The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the 'Hobbits' of Flores, Indonesia. Smithsonian Books (2007).ISBN 978-0-06-089908-0
- Oppenheimer, Stephen. Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World. Constable (2003). ISBN 1-84119-697-5
- Roberts, Alice. The Incredible Human Journey: The Story of how we Colonised the Planet. Bloomsbury (2009). ISBN 978-0-7475-9839-8
- Shreeve, James.The Neanderthal Enigma: Solving the Mystery of Modern Human Origins. Viking (1996). ISBN 0-670-86638-5
- Stringer, Chris. The Origin of Our Species. Allen Lane (2011). ISBN 978-1-84614-140-9
- Stringer, Chris & Andrews, Peter. The Complete World of Human Evolution. Thames & Hudson (2005). ISBN 0-500-05132-1
- Stringer, Chris & McKie, Robin. African Exodus: The Origins of Modern Humanity. Jonathan Cape (1996). ISBN 0-224-03771-4
- van Oosterzee, Penny. The Story of Peking Man. Allen & Unwin (1999). ISBN 1-86508-632-0
- Walker, Allan & Shipman, Pat. The Wisdom of the Bones: In Search of Human Origins. Weidenfeld and Nicholson (1996). ISBN 0-297-81670-5
- Wade, Nicholas. Before the Dawn: Recovering the Lost History of our Ancestors. Penguin Press (2006). ISBN 978-0-7156-3658-9
- Weiss, M.L., & Mann, A.E. (1985). "'Human Biology and Behaviour: An anthropological perspective". (Note: this book contains very accessible descriptions of human and non-human primates, their evolution, and fossil history).
Bibliografija[uredi VE | uredi]
- ↑ Prominent Hominid Fossils. pristupljeno 31. 08. 2006.
- ↑ Fossil Hominids: Toumai. Talkorigins.org (2002-07-31). pristupljeno 2012-10-15
- ↑ [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/bar- 100200 Bar 10200']. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. pristupljeno July 27, 2012
- ↑ Amos, Jonathan. "Fossil finds extend human story", BBC News, 1. rujna 2009.
- ↑ (1999.). "Numerical age control for the Miocene-Pliocene succession at Lothagam, a hominoid-bearing sequence in the northern Kenya Rift". Journal of the Geological Society svezak 156: str. 731.–745..
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Andrew Hill & Steven Ward (1988.). "Origin of the Hominidae: The Record of African Large Hominoid Evolution Between 14 My and 4 My". Yearbook of Physical Anthropology svezak 31 (broj 59): str. 49.–83..
- ↑ Bryan Patterson, Anna K. Behrensmeyer, & William D. Sill (6. lipnja 1970.). "Geology and Fauna of a New Pliocene Locality in North-western Kenya". Nature svezak 226 (broj 5249): str. 918.–921.. Key details from select sources
- ↑ "Pliocene hominid partial mandible from Tabarin, Baringo, Kenya". American Journal of Physical Anthropology svezak 72 (broj 1): str. 21.–37..
- ↑ Sorry, We Can't Find That Page - Search MSU. Msu.edu. pristupljeno 15. rujna 2012.
- ↑ Oldupai. Ntz.info. pristupljeno 15. rujna 2012.
- ↑ KNM-WT 40000
- ↑ Smithsonian
- ↑ http://travelmag.co.uk/?p=1254
- ↑ Jonathan, Amos. "[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science- environment-14824435 African fossils put new spin on human origins story]", http://www.sciencemag.org/site/extra/sediba/index.xhtml, BBC News, 9. rujna 2011., pristupljeno 9. rujna 2011.
- ↑ Mai, L.L., Owl, M.Y., & Kersting, M.P. (2005.), str.286.
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Meave G. Leakey, Fred Spoor, M. Christopher Dean, Craig S. Feibel, Susan C. Antón,Christopher Kiarie & Louise N. Leakey. 2012. New fossils from Koobi Fora in northern Kenya confirm taxonomic diversity in early Homo. Nature 488, str. 201.–204. (9. kolovoza 2012.) doi:10.1038/nature11322
- ↑ pomiješani slojevi tla
- ↑ Donald C. Johanson, Blake Edgar (1996.). From Lucy to Language, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
- ↑ Michael Hopkin. "Fossil find is oldest European yet", Nature News, 26. ožujka 2008.
- ↑ http://archive.archaeology.org/9809/newsbriefs/eritrea.html
- ↑ By ʻAlī Jāvīd, "World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in svezak, Volume 2", str. 17.
- ↑ P. Brown Dali, arhajski Homo Sapiens Sveučilište New England, Australija
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 23,4 23,5 23,6 23,7 23,8 23,9 Smith, T. M., Tafforeau, P., Reid, D. J., Pouech, J., Lazzari, V., Zermeno, J. P., Guatelli- Steinberg, D., Olejniczak, A. J., Hoffman, A., Radovcic, J., Makaremi, M., Toussaint, M., Stringer, C., Hublin, J.-J. (2010.). "Dental evidence for ontogenetic differences between modern humans and Neanderthals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences svezak 107 (broj 49): str. 20923.–20928..
- ↑ Qafzeh IX
- ↑ Christopher J. Norton and David R. Braun. Asian paleanthropology: From Africa to China and beyond, New York, NY: Springer. ISBN 978-9048190935
- ↑ What does it mean to be human?. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. pristupljeno 27. srpnja 2012.
- ↑ Human evolution: interpreting evidence. Museum of Science, Boston, US. pristupljeno 27. srpnja 2012.
- ↑ Timeline at Bone & Stone
- ↑ Robin McKie, science editor (20. lipnja 2010.). Bones from a Cheddar Gorge cave show that cannibalism helped Britain's earliest settlers survive the ice age | Science | The Observer. Guardian. pristupljeno 15. rujna 2012.
- ↑ Mystery of a West African skull from 13,000 years ago. Natural History Museum, London, UK. pristupljeno 27. srpnja 2012.
- ↑ Travels and Archeology in South Chile, Cornell University, New York, U.S.. Pristupljeno 21. kolovoza 2013..
- ↑ (1992.). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/40386932 "The many faces of Wadjak man"]. Archaeology Oceania svezak 27 (broj 1): str. 37.–46..
- ↑ Seidler, Christoph. "Forscher entzaubern Steinzeitmann", Der Spiegel, 9. veljače 2011., pristupljeno 19 travnja 2012. (German)
- Tattersall, Ian, Schwartz, Jeffery (2000). Extinct Humans, Westview Press, Boulder CO. ISBN 978-0-8133-3482-0
- Larsen, Clark Spencer, Matter, Robert M, Gebo, Daniel L (1991). Human Origins: the fossil record, Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL. ISBN 978-0-88133-575-0
- Smithsonian Human Origins Program. pristupljeno 2006-08-29
- Prominent Hominid Fossils. pristupljeno 2006-08-31
- (1996). "Phenetic Affinities Among Early Homo Crania from East and South Africa". Journal of Human Evolution 30 (3): 189–225.
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